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	Comments on: Arctic ozone hole closes	</title>
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		<title>
		By: wayne		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080591</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[wayne]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2020 01:25:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080591</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Edward--
&quot;lock-step pervasive increase&quot;

Gasoline is now $1.899 the gallon, &quot;everywhere,&quot; (within a 15-20 mile range.)
The low price was down to 0.979 the gallon, but that only lasted for a few days at a few stations. 
(on the upside, Michigan residents are now &#039;allowed&#039; to &#039;travel.&#039;)

I regularly drive by a regional &quot;tank farm,&quot; where gasoline comes via pipeline from the Whiting Indiana B.P. refinery outside of Chicago. It appears they have been working overtime recently but hard to tell. (they run 24/7/365 normally)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Edward&#8211;<br />
&#8220;lock-step pervasive increase&#8221;</p>
<p>Gasoline is now $1.899 the gallon, &#8220;everywhere,&#8221; (within a 15-20 mile range.)<br />
The low price was down to 0.979 the gallon, but that only lasted for a few days at a few stations.<br />
(on the upside, Michigan residents are now &#8216;allowed&#8217; to &#8216;travel.&#8217;)</p>
<p>I regularly drive by a regional &#8220;tank farm,&#8221; where gasoline comes via pipeline from the Whiting Indiana B.P. refinery outside of Chicago. It appears they have been working overtime recently but hard to tell. (they run 24/7/365 normally)</p>
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		<title>
		By: Edward		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080588</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Edward]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2020 00:41:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080588</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Wayne, 
Two days ago, bought gas for $2.39-9/10.  It is the least expensive gas around.  I drove past gas as high as 3.00-9/10 for the same low grade.  Quite a range in a five mile difference.  If your gas prices leaped, last week, then I may have missed gas at a lower price.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wayne,<br />
Two days ago, bought gas for $2.39-9/10.  It is the least expensive gas around.  I drove past gas as high as 3.00-9/10 for the same low grade.  Quite a range in a five mile difference.  If your gas prices leaped, last week, then I may have missed gas at a lower price.</p>
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		<title>
		By: wayne		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080268</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[wayne]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2020 06:32:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080268</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Edward--
Dentist&#039;s remain closed in Michigan, fortunately I was in for a cleaning a week before the shut-down. (the one weed store we have = &#039;essential,&#039; my Dentist is apparently considered a potential hot-bed of contagion.) 
Yo-- Gasoline; dropped to a low of 1.079 last week, over the weekend, it went up in pervasive, lock-step, stages to $1.759, everywhere.
--One interesting (perverse) prohibition we have in-place; you can&#039;t return your cans/bottles to get the deposit back. (10 cents on beverages)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Edward&#8211;<br />
Dentist&#8217;s remain closed in Michigan, fortunately I was in for a cleaning a week before the shut-down. (the one weed store we have = &#8216;essential,&#8217; my Dentist is apparently considered a potential hot-bed of contagion.)<br />
Yo&#8211; Gasoline; dropped to a low of 1.079 last week, over the weekend, it went up in pervasive, lock-step, stages to $1.759, everywhere.<br />
&#8211;One interesting (perverse) prohibition we have in-place; you can&#8217;t return your cans/bottles to get the deposit back. (10 cents on beverages)</p>
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		<title>
		By: Edward		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080266</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Edward]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2020 05:44:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080266</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[wayne, 
Doing reasonably well, thank you.  I hope you and everyone are equally well.  Traffic in the area is high, but there still aren&#039;t many places for all these people to be going.  

My dentist opened up this week to work on the backlog of his patients&#039;s non-emergency problems over the first two sessions of The Great Oppression (three weeks, then the balance of April, now we are in session three, through May).  There is a light at the end of the tunnel (but why do I hear a whistle?).  Today he assessed my tooth that lost a crown, six weeks ago, and decided that it is doing well enough that we can wait to replace it early next month, combining the appointment with my scheduled routine teeth cleaning.  Routine procedures should be allowed in June, with the end of California&#039;s never-ending Great Oppression lockdown shutdown smackdown.  

The Arctic ozone hole didn&#039;t affect me at all.  Wait.  Should my skin be &lt;i&gt;this red &lt;/i&gt;after walking from my car to the dentist office?]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>wayne,<br />
Doing reasonably well, thank you.  I hope you and everyone are equally well.  Traffic in the area is high, but there still aren&#8217;t many places for all these people to be going.  </p>
<p>My dentist opened up this week to work on the backlog of his patients&#8217;s non-emergency problems over the first two sessions of The Great Oppression (three weeks, then the balance of April, now we are in session three, through May).  There is a light at the end of the tunnel (but why do I hear a whistle?).  Today he assessed my tooth that lost a crown, six weeks ago, and decided that it is doing well enough that we can wait to replace it early next month, combining the appointment with my scheduled routine teeth cleaning.  Routine procedures should be allowed in June, with the end of California&#8217;s never-ending Great Oppression lockdown shutdown smackdown.  </p>
<p>The Arctic ozone hole didn&#8217;t affect me at all.  Wait.  Should my skin be <i>this red </i>after walking from my car to the dentist office?</p>
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		<title>
		By: wayne		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080263</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[wayne]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2020 05:12:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080263</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Edward--
Hope all remains (reasonably) well with you in California! (ya&#039; been on a roll the last month or so, good stuff, all around!)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Edward&#8211;<br />
Hope all remains (reasonably) well with you in California! (ya&#8217; been on a roll the last month or so, good stuff, all around!)</p>
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		<title>
		By: Edward		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080262</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Edward]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2020 05:01:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080262</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Antarctic ozone &quot;hole&quot; is merely a reduction in the amount of ozone, not a complete lack of ozone.  During the cold winter night, temperatures fall low enough for precursor chemicals to form and slowly accumulate.  During the cold winter night, ozone still exists along with the precursor chemicals.  It is in October (in the north it was April), when the sun pokes up above the horizon that the precursor chemicals begin to react with the sunlight (ironically, ultraviolet) and the existing ozone (which survives the cold winter) and some of the ozone is destroyed by the reaction until the precursors run out. When this reaction becomes strong enough, the &quot;hole&quot; forms.  

While this reaction is happening, ozone is also being formed by a different interaction with (ironically) ultraviolet light from the sun.  The ozone &quot;hole&quot; is a temporary phenomenon, lasting about a month starting shortly after the spring equinox.  Once the precursor chemicals are exhausted, then the normal course of events occur, in which interaction between oxygen molecules and ultraviolet light form ozone, while simultaneously interactions between ozone molecules and (ironically) ultraviolet light destroys ozone until an equilibrium is reached.  When the sun goes down again, these two reactions stop, leaving ozone in the atmosphere overnight.  A long cold night, during which the precursor chemicals again form.  The amount of ozone -- the &quot;hole&quot; -- is a concentration that dips below 50% of the normal equilibrium.  

The reason that there has not been an ozone &quot;hole&quot; in the Arctic, before, is that the temperatures have not fallen low enough for much of the precursor chemical (a nitrogen-chlorine molecule) to form, so when the sun rises in the Arctic, there is not enough precursor chemicals to make much difference in the ozone layer.  

The protection from ultraviolet light that the ozone layer provides is due to the absorption of the ultraviolet during the ozone creation and the ozone destruction processes.  

The precursor chemicals are only some of the chemicals measured by the CLAES instrument on the UARS satellite: 
https://uars.gsfc.nasa.gov/uars-science/claes.html 

CLAES created plots of the Antarctic ozone &quot;hole&quot; during the early 1990s.  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite#Cryogenic_Limb_Array_Etalon_Spectrometer_(CLAES) 

While I was working on another instrument for the UARS satellite, the CLAES instrument was being built by my department&#039;s sister department, next door.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Antarctic ozone &#8220;hole&#8221; is merely a reduction in the amount of ozone, not a complete lack of ozone.  During the cold winter night, temperatures fall low enough for precursor chemicals to form and slowly accumulate.  During the cold winter night, ozone still exists along with the precursor chemicals.  It is in October (in the north it was April), when the sun pokes up above the horizon that the precursor chemicals begin to react with the sunlight (ironically, ultraviolet) and the existing ozone (which survives the cold winter) and some of the ozone is destroyed by the reaction until the precursors run out. When this reaction becomes strong enough, the &#8220;hole&#8221; forms.  </p>
<p>While this reaction is happening, ozone is also being formed by a different interaction with (ironically) ultraviolet light from the sun.  The ozone &#8220;hole&#8221; is a temporary phenomenon, lasting about a month starting shortly after the spring equinox.  Once the precursor chemicals are exhausted, then the normal course of events occur, in which interaction between oxygen molecules and ultraviolet light form ozone, while simultaneously interactions between ozone molecules and (ironically) ultraviolet light destroys ozone until an equilibrium is reached.  When the sun goes down again, these two reactions stop, leaving ozone in the atmosphere overnight.  A long cold night, during which the precursor chemicals again form.  The amount of ozone &#8212; the &#8220;hole&#8221; &#8212; is a concentration that dips below 50% of the normal equilibrium.  </p>
<p>The reason that there has not been an ozone &#8220;hole&#8221; in the Arctic, before, is that the temperatures have not fallen low enough for much of the precursor chemical (a nitrogen-chlorine molecule) to form, so when the sun rises in the Arctic, there is not enough precursor chemicals to make much difference in the ozone layer.  </p>
<p>The protection from ultraviolet light that the ozone layer provides is due to the absorption of the ultraviolet during the ozone creation and the ozone destruction processes.  </p>
<p>The precursor chemicals are only some of the chemicals measured by the CLAES instrument on the UARS satellite:<br />
<a href="https://uars.gsfc.nasa.gov/uars-science/claes.html" rel="nofollow ugc">https://uars.gsfc.nasa.gov/uars-science/claes.html</a> </p>
<p>CLAES created plots of the Antarctic ozone &#8220;hole&#8221; during the early 1990s.<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite#Cryogenic_Limb_Array_Etalon_Spectrometer_(CLAES)" rel="nofollow ugc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite#Cryogenic_Limb_Array_Etalon_Spectrometer_(CLAES)</a> </p>
<p>While I was working on another instrument for the UARS satellite, the CLAES instrument was being built by my department&#8217;s sister department, next door.</p>
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		<title>
		By: Phill O		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080249</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Phill O]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2020 02:55:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080249</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[oxygen molecules are no longer being ionized by sunlight
oxygen molecules are no longer being ionized into ozone

I hate to be a nitpicker, but oxygen molecules are split into two Radicals with not charge.  They are not ionized.  A radical combines with another oxygen molecule to form O3 (ozone)

However, you are absolutely right on the seasonal variation of ozone concentrations in the upper atmosphere.  ABSOLUTELY

O2 + hv &#062; 2O.
O. + O2 &#062; O3]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>oxygen molecules are no longer being ionized by sunlight<br />
oxygen molecules are no longer being ionized into ozone</p>
<p>I hate to be a nitpicker, but oxygen molecules are split into two Radicals with not charge.  They are not ionized.  A radical combines with another oxygen molecule to form O3 (ozone)</p>
<p>However, you are absolutely right on the seasonal variation of ozone concentrations in the upper atmosphere.  ABSOLUTELY</p>
<p>O2 + hv &gt; 2O.<br />
O. + O2 &gt; O3</p>
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		<title>
		By: Max		</title>
		<link>https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/arctic-ozone-hole-closes/#comment-1080220</link>

		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Max]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 May 2020 18:05:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://behindtheblack.com/?p=65554#comment-1080220</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[&quot;The hole in the ozone layer — a portion of Earth’s atmosphere that shields the planet from ultraviolet radiation&quot;

 The Ozone Thinning, due to lack of sunlight  that makes it, measures at 3 ppm. Soon, as the polar area receive 24 hours sunlight, it will reach a maximum of 10 ppm as ozone begins reacting with the ozone depleting chemical &quot;ozone&quot; making O2. 

    Saying &quot;ozone shield the planet from ultraviolet radiation&quot;it&#039;s like saying wear sunscreen to protect yourself a house fire. 
    Our atmosphere protects us from UV and the ozone layer is proof or consequence of this protection. Being a larger molecule it would only protect us One part out of 100,000 parts of sunlight and from UV-A which is not  harmful.

    It&#039;s funny that they would list the third largest ingredient of the ocean &quot;chlorine&quot; as man-made.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;The hole in the ozone layer — a portion of Earth’s atmosphere that shields the planet from ultraviolet radiation&#8221;</p>
<p> The Ozone Thinning, due to lack of sunlight  that makes it, measures at 3 ppm. Soon, as the polar area receive 24 hours sunlight, it will reach a maximum of 10 ppm as ozone begins reacting with the ozone depleting chemical &#8220;ozone&#8221; making O2. </p>
<p>    Saying &#8220;ozone shield the planet from ultraviolet radiation&#8221;it&#8217;s like saying wear sunscreen to protect yourself a house fire.<br />
    Our atmosphere protects us from UV and the ozone layer is proof or consequence of this protection. Being a larger molecule it would only protect us One part out of 100,000 parts of sunlight and from UV-A which is not  harmful.</p>
<p>    It&#8217;s funny that they would list the third largest ingredient of the ocean &#8220;chlorine&#8221; as man-made.</p>
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