Big scallops in the Martian southern latitudes
Click for full image.
Cool image time! The photo to the right, rotated, cropped, and reduced to post here, shows an example of some large scalloped depressions in the high southern latitudes of Mars.
Taken by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on June 27, 2020, these scallops resemble in many ways the ice scarps that scientists have previously found at this same latitude, both to the east and west of where these scallops are located. With those scarps, the data suggests that a very pure layer of ice is visible in the cliff face, and that over time the cliff retreats northward due to sublimation of that ice.
The scallops in the photo to the right suggest the same process, though the differences raise questions. As explained by Colin Dundas of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Astrogeology Science Center in Arizona,
The scalloped depressions are likely related, but not exactly the same as the scarps and their pits. The two are likely forming in similar ice-rich materials, and as you mention, the scarps seem to form pits by retreating towards the equator (north in this case).
…There are a lot of variables that control how the surface evolves as ice sublimates: temperature (and thus slope and orientation), the amount of debris cover, how much debris is embedded in the ice, and what causes it to become unstable in the first place. For example, bare ice will sublimate under most conditions in the mid-latitudes, but ice that’s covered by 10 cm of regolith will be stable on many slopes. These variables can interact in complicated ways. We don’t yet fully understand what causes different types of sublimation landform.
Click for full image.
To the right is cropped section from another MRO high-res image of different scallops in the same region, taken on July 18, 2020, this time at full resolution and in color. The blue might indicate water, or a rougher surface.
All the variables that Dundas outlines above could explain why we get scallops in the image above and to the right, and scarps (with a steep cliff) at other locations. He also explains, almost as a side note, why many of the glacial features that scientists have detected in MRO images are not sublimating away quickly. All they need for protection is a layer of dust and dirt and sand that is only 10 centimeters or four inches thick.
With the two scallops to the right, the yellowish gold rough terrain at the northernmost point of both scallops is where the sublimation is occurring, and it is here where wind and collapse over time has the most opportunity to wipe that protective layer away, thus allowing the ice below to sublimate away.
Finally, to the right is an overview map of Mars. The white boxes are places where ice scarps have been found. The two black boxes, numbered one and two, are the two images of scallops above. The many very tiny red boxes are all the images that MRO’s high resolution camera has so far taken on Mars.
At first glance this global map might give the impression that much of the planet has been photographed at high resolution. A closer look shows that many regions, including the very area of Mars where these scallops are found, has had little coverage. Much of Mars has only been seen from a distance. Even these high resolution images only have a resolution of about 10 inches per pixel. Small objects are not resolved.
The support of my readers through the years has given me the freedom and ability to analyze objectively the ongoing renaissance in space, as well as the cultural changes -- for good or ill -- that are happening across America. Four years ago, just before the 2020 election I wrote that Joe Biden's mental health was suspect. Only in this year has the propaganda mainstream media decided to recognize that basic fact.
Fourteen years ago I wrote that SLS and Orion were a bad ideas, a waste of money, would be years behind schedule, and better replaced by commercial private enterprise. Even today NASA and Congress refuse to recognize this reality.
In 2020 when the world panicked over COVID I wrote that the panic was unnecessary, that the virus was apparently simply a variation of the flu, that masks were not simply pointless but if worn incorrectly were a health threat, that the lockdowns were a disaster and did nothing to stop the spread of COVID. Only in the past year have some of our so-called experts in the health field have begun to recognize these facts.
Your help allows me to do this kind of intelligent analysis. I take no advertising or sponsors, so my reporting isn't influenced by donations by established space or drug companies. Instead, I rely entirely on donations and subscriptions from my readers, which gives me the freedom to write what I think, unencumbered by outside influences.
Please consider supporting my work here at Behind the Black.
You can support me either by giving a one-time contribution or a regular subscription. There are five ways of doing so:
1. Zelle: This is the only internet method that charges no fees. All you have to do is use the Zelle link at your internet bank and give my name and email address (zimmerman at nasw dot org). What you donate is what I get.
2. Patreon: Go to my website there and pick one of five monthly subscription amounts, or by making a one-time donation.
3. A Paypal Donation:
5. Donate by check, payable to Robert Zimmerman and mailed to
Behind The Black
c/o Robert Zimmerman
P.O.Box 1262
Cortaro, AZ 85652
You can also support me by buying one of my books, as noted in the boxes interspersed throughout the webpage or shown in the menu above. And if you buy the books through the ebookit links, I get a larger cut and I get it sooner.
Click for full image.
Cool image time! The photo to the right, rotated, cropped, and reduced to post here, shows an example of some large scalloped depressions in the high southern latitudes of Mars.
Taken by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on June 27, 2020, these scallops resemble in many ways the ice scarps that scientists have previously found at this same latitude, both to the east and west of where these scallops are located. With those scarps, the data suggests that a very pure layer of ice is visible in the cliff face, and that over time the cliff retreats northward due to sublimation of that ice.
The scallops in the photo to the right suggest the same process, though the differences raise questions. As explained by Colin Dundas of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Astrogeology Science Center in Arizona,
The scalloped depressions are likely related, but not exactly the same as the scarps and their pits. The two are likely forming in similar ice-rich materials, and as you mention, the scarps seem to form pits by retreating towards the equator (north in this case).
…There are a lot of variables that control how the surface evolves as ice sublimates: temperature (and thus slope and orientation), the amount of debris cover, how much debris is embedded in the ice, and what causes it to become unstable in the first place. For example, bare ice will sublimate under most conditions in the mid-latitudes, but ice that’s covered by 10 cm of regolith will be stable on many slopes. These variables can interact in complicated ways. We don’t yet fully understand what causes different types of sublimation landform.
Click for full image.
To the right is cropped section from another MRO high-res image of different scallops in the same region, taken on July 18, 2020, this time at full resolution and in color. The blue might indicate water, or a rougher surface.
All the variables that Dundas outlines above could explain why we get scallops in the image above and to the right, and scarps (with a steep cliff) at other locations. He also explains, almost as a side note, why many of the glacial features that scientists have detected in MRO images are not sublimating away quickly. All they need for protection is a layer of dust and dirt and sand that is only 10 centimeters or four inches thick.
With the two scallops to the right, the yellowish gold rough terrain at the northernmost point of both scallops is where the sublimation is occurring, and it is here where wind and collapse over time has the most opportunity to wipe that protective layer away, thus allowing the ice below to sublimate away.
Finally, to the right is an overview map of Mars. The white boxes are places where ice scarps have been found. The two black boxes, numbered one and two, are the two images of scallops above. The many very tiny red boxes are all the images that MRO’s high resolution camera has so far taken on Mars.
At first glance this global map might give the impression that much of the planet has been photographed at high resolution. A closer look shows that many regions, including the very area of Mars where these scallops are found, has had little coverage. Much of Mars has only been seen from a distance. Even these high resolution images only have a resolution of about 10 inches per pixel. Small objects are not resolved.
The support of my readers through the years has given me the freedom and ability to analyze objectively the ongoing renaissance in space, as well as the cultural changes -- for good or ill -- that are happening across America. Four years ago, just before the 2020 election I wrote that Joe Biden's mental health was suspect. Only in this year has the propaganda mainstream media decided to recognize that basic fact.
Fourteen years ago I wrote that SLS and Orion were a bad ideas, a waste of money, would be years behind schedule, and better replaced by commercial private enterprise. Even today NASA and Congress refuse to recognize this reality.
In 2020 when the world panicked over COVID I wrote that the panic was unnecessary, that the virus was apparently simply a variation of the flu, that masks were not simply pointless but if worn incorrectly were a health threat, that the lockdowns were a disaster and did nothing to stop the spread of COVID. Only in the past year have some of our so-called experts in the health field have begun to recognize these facts.
Your help allows me to do this kind of intelligent analysis. I take no advertising or sponsors, so my reporting isn't influenced by donations by established space or drug companies. Instead, I rely entirely on donations and subscriptions from my readers, which gives me the freedom to write what I think, unencumbered by outside influences.
Please consider supporting my work here at Behind the Black.
You can support me either by giving a one-time contribution or a regular subscription. There are five ways of doing so:
1. Zelle: This is the only internet method that charges no fees. All you have to do is use the Zelle link at your internet bank and give my name and email address (zimmerman at nasw dot org). What you donate is what I get.
2. Patreon: Go to my website there and pick one of five monthly subscription amounts, or by making a one-time donation.
3. A Paypal Donation:
5. Donate by check, payable to Robert Zimmerman and mailed to
Behind The Black
c/o Robert Zimmerman
P.O.Box 1262
Cortaro, AZ 85652
You can also support me by buying one of my books, as noted in the boxes interspersed throughout the webpage or shown in the menu above. And if you buy the books through the ebookit links, I get a larger cut and I get it sooner.
Readers: the rules for commenting!
No registration is required. I welcome all opinions, even those that strongly criticize my commentary.
However, name-calling and obscenities will not be tolerated. First time offenders who are new to the site will be warned. Second time offenders or first time offenders who have been here awhile will be suspended for a week. After that, I will ban you. Period.
Note also that first time commenters as well as any comment with more than one link will be placed in moderation for my approval. Be patient, I will get to it.