September 3, 2025 Quick space links

3:10 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

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Patterned frozen lava in Mars’ volcano country

12:55 pm

Patterned frozen lava
Click for original image.

Cool image time! The picture to the right, cropped, reduced, and enhanced to post here, was taken on May 31, 2025 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

The camera team label this “patterned ground.” And it is indeed. Though the topography is almost flat for large distances, the ground itself has these various patterns on it, from meandering small ridges to stippled roughness to very smooth sections.

The location is at 4.6 degrees north latitude, in the dry equatorial regions of Mars. No near surface ice created these features. All we can deduce from this picture is that this landscape is relatively young, as there are no craters seen.

So what caused these features? The location as always provides a clue.
» Read more

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Genesis cover

On Christmas Eve 1968 three Americans became the first humans to visit another world. What they did to celebrate was unexpected and profound, and will be remembered throughout all human history. Genesis: the Story of Apollo 8, Robert Zimmerman's classic history of humanity's first journey to another world, tells that story, and it is now available as both an ebook and an audiobook, both with a foreword by Valerie Anders and a new introduction by Robert Zimmerman.

 

The print edition can be purchased at Amazon or any other book seller. If you want an autographed copy the price is $60 for the hardback and $45 for the paperback, plus $8 shipping for each. Go here for purchasing details. The ebook is available everywhere for $5.99 (before discount) at amazon, or direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit you don't support the big tech companies and the author gets a bigger cut much sooner.


The audiobook is also available at all these vendors, and is also free with a 30-day trial membership to Audible.
 

"Not simply about one mission, [Genesis] is also the history of America's quest for the moon... Zimmerman has done a masterful job of tying disparate events together into a solid account of one of America's greatest human triumphs."--San Antonio Express-News

Radar images reveal near Earth asteroid to be a contact binary

12:06 pm

Peanut shaped asteroid
Click for original image.

Just after asteroid 1997 QK1 made its first really close pass of the Earth on August 20, 2025, scientists used the Goldstone radio antenna take 28 high resolution images and discovered that the asteriod is peanut shaped, meaning that it is a contact binary of two objects that have fused together.

Those images, cropped, reduced, and sharpened to post here, are shown to the right.

The asteroid is about 660 feet (200 meters) long and completes one rotation every 4.8 hours. It passed closest to our planet on the day before these observations were made at a distance of about 1.9 million miles (3 million kilometers), or within eight times the distance between Earth and the Moon. The 2025 flyby is the closest that 1997 QK1 has approached to Earth in more than 350 years. Prior to the recent Goldstone observations, very little was known about the asteroid.

These observations resolve surface features down to a resolution of about 25 feet (7.5 meters) and reveal that the object has two rounded lobes that are connected, with one lobe twice the size of the other. Both lobes appear to have concavities that are tens of meters deep.

Though this asteroid is classified as potentially dangerous, calculations of its orbit show it poses no threat for the “foreseeable future.”

That it is a contact binary reinforces the present theory that about 15% of all larger asteroids belong to this class.

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Juno detects the aurora of the moon Callisto in Jupiter’s atmosphere

10:19 am

Though previous observations had detected auroras on Jupiter produced by three of its four Galilean moons — Io, Europa, and Ganymede — scientists had until now been unable to detect a similar aurora produced by the fourth, Callisto.

The Jupiter orbiter Juno finally accomplished this observation for the first time.

[T]o image Callisto’s footprint, the main auroral oval needs to move aside while the polar region is being imaged. And to bring to bear Juno’s arsenal of instruments studying fields and particles, the spacecraft’s trajectory must carry it across the magnetic field line linking Callisto and Jupiter.

These two events serendipitously occurred during Juno’s 22nd orbit of the giant planet, in September 2019, revealing Callisto’s auroral footprint and providing a sample of the particle population, electromagnetic waves, and magnetic fields associated with the interaction.

The research paper describing this detection has just been published.

These secondary auroras are caused by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field.

The Juno mission itself is about to end. NASA did not approve a mission extension, and next month the science team will send the spacecraft into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will burn up. We will then have to wait five years for Europa Clipper to arrive in Jupiter orbit, followed a year later by Europe’s Juice orbiter.

While the propaganda press is condemning this decision, there is some logic to it. Juno has mostly completed its work. While new knowledge can certainly be gained if it remained operations for three more years, the amount of knowledge will be relatively small. And NASA does face a budget crunch. Better to spend its money on other things that can produce more bang to the buck.

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Conscious Choice cover

Now available in hardback and paperback as well as ebook!

 

From the press release: In this ground-breaking new history of early America, historian Robert Zimmerman not only exposes the lie behind The New York Times 1619 Project that falsely claims slavery is central to the history of the United States, he also provides profound lessons about the nature of human societies, lessons important for Americans today as well as for all future settlers on Mars and elsewhere in space.

 
Conscious Choice: The origins of slavery in America and why it matters today and for our future in outer space, is a riveting page-turning story that documents how slavery slowly became pervasive in the southern British colonies of North America, colonies founded by a people and culture that not only did not allow slavery but in every way were hostile to the practice.  
Conscious Choice does more however. In telling the tragic history of the Virginia colony and the rise of slavery there, Zimmerman lays out the proper path for creating healthy societies in places like the Moon and Mars.

 

“Zimmerman’s ground-breaking history provides every future generation the basic framework for establishing new societies on other worlds. We would be wise to heed what he says.” —Robert Zubrin, founder of the Mars Society.

 

All editions are available at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and all book vendors, with the ebook priced at $5.99 before discount. All editions can also be purchased direct from the ebook publisher, ebookit, in which case you don't support the big tech companies and the author gets a bigger cut much sooner.

 

Autographed printed copies are also available at discount directly from the author (hardback $29.95; paperback $14.95; Shipping cost for either: $6.00). Just send an email to zimmerman @ nasw dot org.

France startup wins contract to build Starlink competitor

9:58 am

France’s space agency CNES has awarded a €31 million contract to France startup Univity to build a demo satellite to demonstrate internet and phone-to-satellite capabilities, as part a longer term plan to build a constellation that can compete with both SpaceX’s Starlink and AST SpaceMobile constellation, both already launched and in operation.

Founded in 2022 under the name Constellation Technologies & Operations, UNIVITY aims to develop a very low Earth orbit constellation to provide global high-speed, low-latency internet services. A prototype of the company’s regenerative 5G mmWave payload was part of a 23 June SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare mission, hosted aboard the D-Orbit SpaceBound ION mission. The company expects to launch a pair of prototype satellites in 2027, followed by the deployment of its full constellation between 2028 and 2030.

This deal likely puts the final nail in the coffin of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) own government IRIS satellite constellation, which has been delayed, is expected to be very expensive and take a long time to get launched, and has already faced disinterest from many partners in ESA. That France is now going it alone likely ends any chance that IRIS will be funded.

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Australian rocket startup Gilmour Space confirms successful operation of its first satellite

9:38 am

The Australian rocket startup Gilmour Space, which in July tried but failed to launch for the first time its Eris rocket, yesterday announced that its first orbiting satellite, dubbed ElaraSat MMS-1, is operating as expected after a June launch by SpaceX.

Launched aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-14 mission in June, the locally designed and built satellite bus carries a hyperspectral imager from CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency. Since reaching orbit, ElaraSat MMS-1 has completed platform commissioning, verified satellite bus systems are operating as expected, [and] demonstrated reliable S-band communications and X-band downlink.

If this company can succeed in getting its rocket operational as well as build satellites, it will have capabilities comparable to SpaceX, Rocket Lab, and Firefly, and will be in a very strong position to compete internationally.

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Leaving Earth cover

Leaving Earth: Space Stations, Rival Superpowers, and the Quest for Interplanetary Travel, can be purchased as an ebook everywhere for only $3.99 (before discount) at amazon, Barnes & Noble, all ebook vendors, or direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit.

 

If you buy it from ebookit you don't support the big oppressive tech companies and I get a bigger cut much sooner.

 

Winner of the 2003 Eugene M. Emme Award of the American Astronautical Society.

 
"Leaving Earth is one of the best and certainly the most comprehensive summary of our drive into space that I have ever read. It will be invaluable to future scholars because it will tell them how the next chapter of human history opened." -- Arthur C. Clarke

Two more launches in past 24 hours, by Israel and SpaceX

9:04 am

Both Israel and SpaceX completed new launches during the evening hours yesterday. First, Israel placed an Ofek radar surveillance satellite into orbit, its small solid-fueld Shavit-2 rocket lifting off from an undisclosed location within the country, likely its Palmachim Airbase on the Mediterranean coast south of Tel Aviv. The launch occurred about the same time as SpaceX’s Starlink launch from Vandenberg, already reported last night.

This was Israel’s first launch in 2025, and the first since 2023. Since 2008 the country has launched seven military surveillance satellites, one about every two to four years or so.

Several hours later, in the wee hours of the morning, SpaceX completed another launch, placing 28 Starlink satellites into orbit, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Cape Canaveral in Florida. The first stage completed its fourteenth flight, landing on a drone ship in the Atlantic.

The leaders in the 2025 launch race:

112 SpaceX
48 China
12 Rocket Lab
11 Russia

SpaceX now leads the rest of the world in successful launches, 112 to 85.

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SpaceX launches 24 more Starlink satellites

9:01 pm

SpaceX tonight successfully launched another 24 Starlink satellites, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.

The first stage was new, successfully completing its first flight, landing on a drone ship in the Pacific.

The leaders in the 2025 launch race:

111 SpaceX
48 China
12 Rocket Lab
11 Russia

SpaceX now leads the rest of the world in successful launches, 111 to 84.

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Website issues today

8:20 pm

Though it is possible my readers might not have noticed, but it appears there was some major issue today on the website that slowed things to a crawl and could have even been an attack by hackers somewhere. Because of this my web guy Shane had to disable much of the under-the-hood stuff I use to post so he could fix things. Thus, no new posts or cool images today. Those posts that did go up had been scheduled before the problems appeared.

I am hoping to get back to normal tonight and tomorrow. Keep your fingers crossed for me.

4 comments

Hoobastank – The Reason

6:01 pm

An evening pause: This “music” video intentionally illustrates why I prefer live performances over most “official” music videos that show a fake visual story under the music, as if that story and the music have something to do with each other, when they never really do. This video instead shows us what the music video would sound like if you focused instead on this fake story. Quick funny at times.

Hat tip Wayne DeVette, who writes, “Great concept! What happens when you take a Music Video and de-emphasize the music & band performance, and concentrate on the story being told in the background?”

2 comments

September 2, 2025 Quick space links

3:06 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

One comment

Trump once again moves Space Force HQ from Colorado to Alabama

12:55 pm

During his first term as president, Donald Trump attempted to move the headquarters of the Space Force Colorado to Alabama. That move, announced in January 2021, never happened, first because it came so late in his term and second because Biden had no interest in making it happen and eventually rescinded it in 2023.

Today Trump reinstated that decision, once again announcing that the Space Force headquarters will move to Huntsville, Alabama.

The politics for this change have been and will continue to be complicated. Alabama’s lower cost of living would save the government money, but the defense industry is also well clustered in Colorado due to the military’s space operations that have been there for many decades.

In general I have never quite understood Trump’s desire to do this. I suspect there are some quid pro quo agreements in the background with Alabama politicians: “If you bring the Space Force to Alabama, Mr. Trump, we will back you on your other plans.” Then again, Trump might simply want to punish the increasingly leftist haven of Colorado.

Either way, it is now likely to finally happen. Trump 47 has been moving fast on all his initiatives, and is aided in this by a staff that is largely supportive (unlike during Trump 45).

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European Commission calls for a fast launch capability from its new rocket startups

9:18 am

The European Union

Capitalism in space: As part of Europe’s major shift from its traditional government-run space program that could accomplish little to a commercial and independent space industry, the European Commission has now launched a study asking that new private sector to develop a fast launch capability able to put satellites in orbit quickly and on demand.

In the preamble to the call published on 10 July, the Commission notes that due to an increasing number of threats, both human and natural in origin, spacefaring actors must not only develop sovereign access to space but also create “systems capable of placing satellites into orbit quickly to meet urgent demands.”

In an effort to develop this capability, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space will commission three parallel studies. The primary objectives of the ten-month studies are to identify the commercial and institutional needs for such a capability within the EU, define suitable and affordable solutions across ground and launcher systems, and outline a roadmap towards achieving an operational service. The total budget for the call is €1.95 million, with up to €650,000 available for each study.

The American military has been pursuing this capability now for almost a decade, repeatedly issuing contracts to startups as well as established companies to demonstrate a fast launch. Except for SpaceX, the established companies have not been very successful in doing this. Among the startups, the results have been more promising, with Rocket Lab especially demonstrating the ability to install a payload and launch within days.

Though the European plan still appears to be seeped in bureaucratic requirements and top-down management, it is also working to encourage a robust competitive commercial sector with multiple companies, each producing their own variations on the problem. All told, the trend remains positive.

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An interesting look at why the British government decided to eliminate its space agency

8:55 am

Gone, and likely soon to be forgotten
Gone, and likely soon to be forgotten

Link here. The article depends almost entirely on anonymous sources, but unlike most propaganda news stories which typically use such sources to push one pro-government perspective, this article includes sources from a range of viewpoints.

According to those sources who wanted the UK Space Agency (UKSA) gone, the agency was eliminated last month because it simply had not been very effective in building up Great Britain’s space industry. First, it was too focused on doing what the European Space Agency wanted.

The U.K. has had a different approach to space than its European counterparts, such as Germany, France and Italy, the source explained. Historically, the U.K. has dedicated most of its resources to the European Space Agency (ESA) rather than pursuing a multipronged approach involving a strong domestic space program and bilateral partnerships independent of ESA. Therefore, over 80% of UKSA’s budget has been placed into ESA. The perception in the government was that UKSA was acting more in line with ESA’s wishes than with the U.K. government’s needs, the source added.

Second, it not only did nothing to alleviate the red tape hampering the industry, its existence added a layer that made things worse. Numerous studies and hearings before Parliament in the past five years have bewailed the situation. The inability of the rocket companies to get launch licenses — for years — proved their correctness.

Meanwhile, the anonymous sources opposing the agency’s elimination argued that without it Great Britain will be in a weaker position negotiating with its ESA partners as well as projecting itself internationally in the space field.
» Read more

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September 1, 2025 Quick space links

3:11 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

One comment

“What the heck?!” glaciers on Mars

11:57 am

Overview map

Another
Click for original image.

Cool image time! The picture to the right, cropped, reduced, and sharpened to post here, was taken on June 29, 2025 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). It falls into what I call my “What the heck?!” category of Martian land-forms, simply because their shape is so strange and inexplicable it is difficult to conceive a geological process that could create them.

Nor does it help much that we know what these land-forms are made of. The white dot on the overview map above marks the location, inside the 2,000-mile-wide northern mid-latitude strip I label glacier country, because almost every image taken shows glacial features. In this case, this strange geology is located on the floor of a canyon that is part of a large region of chaos terrain, a landscape typical of glacier country. This floor, as well as all the low areas, seems filled with glacial flows. This particular canyon appears to roughly flow downhill to the northwest, though the downhill grade in the entire region varies widely in all directions.

Based on all the orbital data, these flows are glacial in nature, the ice protected by a thin top layer of dirt and debris. The strange features at the top of all the small mesas in the picture above suggest that the wind possibly blew off the dirt and debris, exposing the ice and allowing it to sublimate away. This in turn produced the knobby hollows at the top of each mesa.

I am guessing, and no one should trust my guess considering I only make believe I’m a geologist on the internet.

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Juice successfully completes Venus fly-by

9:41 am

The European orbiter Juice, on its way to Jupiter, successfully completed its fly-by of Venus on August 31, 2025, zipping 6,923 miles above the planet’s surface to get some of the velocity needed to get to Jupiter in 2031.

It still has to do two more fly-bys of Earth before it has enough speed to reach Jupiter.

There were no science observations during the Venus fly-by, as the spacecraft had to be oriented so that its large high gain antenna would protect its instruments from the Sun’s heat. It appears however that the science team has confirmed the spacecraft is in fine shape using its medium-gain antenna.

Once in orbit around Jupiter the spacecraft’s prime mission will be to do numerous fly-bys of the large icy Galilean moons, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Its data will also reinforce what Europa Clipper will learn while it does the same, beginning in 2030.

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South Korea’s space agency requests big 15% budget increase

9:28 am

South Korea’s space agency KASA today submitted its proposed budget for 2026 that included a 15% budget increase which would bring its funding to just under $8 billion.

According to the national space agency, the proposed funds will be concentrated in six major areas, which include the strengthening of space transportation capacity and new technology acquisition, advancing satellite-based communications, navigation and observation, as well as fostering future space industries through exploration.

The largest requested increases would be for developing new satellite constellations and rockets.

When the South Korean government established this agency in in 2024, it said its goal was to foster private enterprise. The agency itself repeated that assertion in January 2025 when it announced its long term plans. In both cases, however, I sensed a lack of sincerity in these assertions. The government wanted wanted to help build a prosperous aerospace industry, but it clearly wanted to do so with it in control.

Today’s budget request again reinforces my suspicions. KASA might want to encourage a commercial space industry, but it remains unclear whether it will let the private sector develop the satellites and rockets independently, or pay for the development while insisting it owns and controls everything.

Based on past history at NASA, my instincts say KASA will use this big budget to build an empire for its managers. Stay tuned to see if my instincts are correct.

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Scientists pinpoint the origin of the energetic electrons thrown out by the Sun

8:55 am

Infographic about Solar Orbiter data
Click for original image.

Using Europe’s Solar Orbiter probe, scientists have now successfully identified the two sources of the energetic electrons accelerated at high speed by the Sun, and in doing so also determined why those particles sometimes arrive later than expected.

The Sun is the most energetic particle accelerator in the Solar System. It whips up electrons to nearly the speed of light and flings them out into space, flooding the Solar System with so-called ‘Solar Energetic Electrons’ (SEEs). Researchers have now used Solar Orbiter to pinpoint the source of these energetic electrons and trace what we see out in space back to what’s actually happening on the Sun. They find two kinds of SEE with clearly distinct stories: one connected to intense solar flares (explosions from smaller patches of the Sun’s surface), and one to larger eruptions of hot gas from the Sun’s atmosphere (known as ‘coronal mass ejections’, or CMEs).

“We see a clear split between ‘impulsive’ particle events, where these energetic electrons speed off the Sun’s surface in bursts via solar flares, and ‘gradual’ ones associated with more extended CMEs, which release a swell of particles over longer periods of time and over broader angular ranges,” says lead author Alexander Warmuth of the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Germany.

The researchers observed 300 events between November 2020 and December 2022 at many different distances from the Sun, allowing them to clock their travel times. The graphic above illustrates what they found.

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Exoplanet detected inside gap in accretion disk surrounding a Sunlike star

9:30 am

Exoplanet in gap of disk

For the first time since 2018, scientists have obtained a clear detection of an exoplanet inside the accretion disk surrounding a Sunlike star. Furthermore, the planet sits inside a gap in that accretion disk, the first time such an exoplanet has been found.

The image to the right, taken from figure one of the research paper [pdf], shows the exoplanet, dubbed WISPIT 2b. The star, located about 435 light years away, has a mass only slightly larger than our Sun, and is considered a close match. The planet itself is estimated to be about the mass of Jupiter, though its orbit within that gap is much farther away, 57 astronomical units versus 5.2. It is these details that make the discovery significant. From the paper’s conclusion:

As the planet resides in the cleared gap and its mass is consistent with the modeled planet mass required to open such a gap, we argue that it likely formed in situ through core accretion and that there is no rapid migration on dynamical timescales. Future follow-up observations of WISPIT 2b with ALMA and [Webb] will enable studies of its atmosphere and the impact of the embedded planet on the disk’s gas kinematics and surface density structure. This will allow us to calibrate ALMA observations of other embedded planet candidates, to unlock the full potential of this complementary technique.

…The discovery of WISPIT 2b embedded in the gap of a seemingly unperturbed disk demonstrates, for the first time, that wide-separation gas giants, discovered by direct imaging around older systems, can indeed form in situ. Thus, WISPIT 2b marks a promising starting point to study wide separation planets in time.

It has long been theorized that gas giants can form much farther from their star, and then migrate inward as the system evolves. This discovery counters that supposition, or least demonstrates that it does not have to occur in every new solar system.

The image also shows that the accretion disk has a second gap farther out, as well as a cleared area close to the star, comparable in size to our solar system. Though other exoplanets have not been detected yet, these gaps suggest they exist, thus indicating that a solar system comparable to our own is now forming.

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Idealized Science Institute – Which ramp reaches highest final speed?

6:01 pm

An evening pause: A science quiz I suspect most of my readers will get right. Regardless, this experiment illustrates some basic fundamentals of the scientific method: Don’t guess, make no assumptions, test by experimentation, and repeat those tests multiple times to confirm your results.

The Institute that made this video appears to be a great resource for homeschoolers.

Hat tip Cotour, who tells me he “got it correct!”

To everyone: Enjoy the Labor Day weekend!

7 comments

August 29, 2025 Quick space links

3:05 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

4 comments

A baby star and its protoplanetary disk

2:38 pm

A baby star and its protoplanetary disk
Click for originial.

Cool image time! The picture to the right, cropped, rotated, reduced, and sharpened to post here, is the Webb picture of the month from NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), released today. It shows a baby star about 525 light years away.

IRAS 04302+2247, or IRAS 04302 for short, is a beautiful example of a protostar – a young star that is still gathering mass from its environment – surrounded by a protoplanetary disc in which baby planets might be forming. Webb is able to measure the disc at 65 billion km across – several times the diameter of our Solar System. From Webb’s vantage point, IRAS 04302’s disc is oriented edge-on, so we see it as a narrow, dark line of dusty gas that blocks the light from the budding protostar at its centre. This dusty gas is fuel for planet formation, providing an environment within which young planets can bulk up and pack on mass.

When seen face-on, protoplanetary discs can have a variety of structures like rings, gaps and spirals. These structures can be signs of baby planets that are burrowing through the dusty disc, or they can point to phenomena unrelated to planets, like gravitational instabilities or regions where dust grains are trapped. The edge-on view of IRAS 04302’s disc shows instead the vertical structure, including how thick the dusty disk is. Dust grains migrate to the midplane of the disc, settle there and form a thin, dense layer that is conducive to planet formation; the thickness of the disc is a measure of how efficient this process has been.

The dense streak of dusty gas that runs vertically across this image cocoons IRAS 04302, blotting out its bright light such that Webb can more easily image the delicate structures around it. As a result, we’re treated to the sight of two gauzy nebulas on either side of the disc. These are reflection nebulas, illuminated by light from the central protostar reflecting off of the nebular material.

As this is a baby star, the cones above and below the disk indicate the original spherical cloud, with the upper and lower halves now being pulled downward into a spinning disk, where the solar system is forming.

This image is not simply an infrared Webb image. The Hubble Space Telescope provided the optical view, which the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) in Chile provided data in those wavelengths. Note also the many background galaxies. The universe is not only infinite, it is infinitely populated.

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Perseverance looks west

10:44 am

Perseverance looks west
Click for full resolution. For original images go here and here.

Overview map
Click for interactive map.

Cool image time! The panorama above, reduced and sharpened to post here, was created using two pictures taken on August 28, 2025 by the left navigation camera on the Mars rover Perseverance (here and here).

The blue dot on the overview map to the right marks Perseverance’s location when it took these pictures. The yellow lines indicate the approximate area covered by the panorama. The red dotted line indicates the rover’s planned route, with the white dotted line its actual travels.

The recent geological research focused on the lighter-colored ridge on the right center, dubbed Soroya. From the August 27, 2025 update by the science team:

Soroya was first picked out from orbital images as a target of interest because, as can be seen in the above image, it appears as a much lighter color compared to the surroundings. In previous landscape images from the surface, Mars 2020 scientists have been able to pick out the light-toned Soryoa outcrop, and they noted it forms a ridge-like structure, protruding above the surface. Soroya was easily identifiable from rover images as Perseverance approached since it indeed rises above the surrounding low-lying terrain.

The view is looking downhill away from Jezero Crater. The curve of the horizon is an artifact of the navigation camera’s wide view, accentuated by the slope that the rover sits on. The low resolution of this western region on the overview map is because the science team has not yet had Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) get highest resolution pictures there yet.

Note the utter barrenness of this terrain. This is Mars, a lifeless world that has only the future potential for life, once we humans start to colonize it. Whether there was ever any past life remains uncertain, but the nature of its terrain as seen by both Perseverance and Curiosity suggests strongly that past life never existed, or if it did it barely survived and was quickly wiped out, a long time ago.

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Mars’ interior is more chaotic than Earth’s

9:15 am

Martian quake map as seen by InSight
The largest quakes detected by InSight, indicated
by the red dots.

Using archival quake data from the Mars lander InSight, scientists now believe that the upper layers in the interior of the red planet are not as coherently layered as the Earth’s, that its mantle is broken up in a much more chaotic manner. From the paper’s abstract:

We report the discovery of kilometer-scale heterogeneities throughout Mars’ mantle, detected seismically through pronounced wavefront distortion of energy arriving from deeply probing marsquakes. These heterogeneities, likely remnants of the planet’s formation, imply a mantle that has undergone limited mixing driven by sluggish convection. Their size and survival constrain Mars’ poorly known mantle rheology, indicating a high viscosity.

These “heterogeneities” are large blocks of material, some as large as two to three miles wide, that are thought left over from the planet’s initial formation. These initial pieces of the mantle were layered like the Earth, but subsequent impacts during the accretion process cracked them and shifted them about.

These results have some uncertainty, as so far only one seismometer, InSight’s, has be placed on Mars. It will require more sensors and years of data to fully map the interior with greater precision and reliability.

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Trump ends unions for federal employees at NASA and other agencies

8:58 am

Trump defiant after being shot
Trump’s war with the swamp continues

Fight! Fight! Fight! Trump this week issued a new executive order ending the union contracts for government employees at NASA and other agencies, continuing a March order aimed at reducing or eliminating union action in the federal government.

The president issued a new directive ending collective bargaining agreements at NASA, the International Trade Administration, the Office of the Commissioner for Patents, the National Weather Service, the US Agency for Global Media, hydropower facilities under the Bureau of Reclamation, and the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service.

Trump classified the agencies as having national security interests, exempting them from federal union laws.

Though lawsuits are on-going challenging Trump’s action, the public should know the context. » Read more

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