How to spot a glacier on Mars
Click for full image.
The science team for the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) today posted a nice lesson on what features to look for when you are trying to find glaciers on Mars.
To do this they used one of the earliest images of a Martian glacier, taken by MRO on June 12, 2008. The image to the right, cropped and reduced to post here, shows that entire glacier, coming off a mesa in the chaos terrain region of Protonilus Mensae, a region of mesas and glaciers that I highlighted in an earlier post in December, showing images of a mesa that had numerous glaciers flowing down from all sides.
The overview map to the right shows the location of both that earlier glacier-surrounded mesa (the red dot in Protonilus Mensae) and today’s image (the blue dot).
What the MRO science team has done with the image today however is to use it to illustrate the most important geological features that one will see when looking at a Martian glacier.
One annotated section of the above image points out the foot of the glacier and moraine of material that the glacier had pushed out in front of it as it flowed. A second section focuses on the “linear features resembling fractures, as seen on many terrestrial glaciers,” which also resemble the parallel ridges and grooves that had been highlighted in an earlier MRO image posted only last week.
A third section notes the parallel lines visible along the glaciers edge near the valley walls. As they observe, these layers “could potentially be exposed layers or lines that mark the [glaciers]’s past levels.”
Finally, a fourth section shows the flowing flow features in the plains just beyond the moraine (only partly visible in my cropped image above). These are common near glaciers on Mars, and represent evidence of a time period when the glacier was active, with the ice pushing its way into the flats below the mesa.
This glacier however is likely not active today. Instead it still exists because it is buried by a veneer of dust and debris, that insulates it from the Sun and prevents it from sublimating away. It is probably more than a million years since this glacier moved, during the last time when Mars’ inclination was more than about 30 degrees and as great as 60 degrees. That higher inclination made the poles warmer than the mid-latitudes, thus transferring water from those poles to the mid-latitudes to fall as snow on these glaciers.
Today, with the planet’s inclination at 25 degrees, it is believed (but not proven) that the glaciers and poles of Mars are in a steady state. Some evidence suggests however that any the mid-latitude glaciers exposed to the Sun are shrinking, indicating that the process is reversing, and the ice at the mid-latitudes is beginning to sublimate back to the poles.
On Christmas Eve 1968 three Americans became the first humans to visit another world. What they did to celebrate was unexpected and profound, and will be remembered throughout all human history. Genesis: the Story of Apollo 8, Robert Zimmerman's classic history of humanity's first journey to another world, tells that story, and it is now available as both an ebook and an audiobook, both with a foreword by Valerie Anders and a new introduction by Robert Zimmerman.
The print edition can be purchased at Amazon or from any other book seller. If you want an autographed copy the price is $60 for the hardback and $45 for the paperback, plus $8 shipping for each. Go here for purchasing details. The ebook is available everywhere for $5.99 (before discount) at amazon, or direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit. If you buy it from ebookit you don't support the big tech companies and the author gets a bigger cut much sooner.
The audiobook is also available at all these vendors, and is also free with a 30-day trial membership to Audible.
"Not simply about one mission, [Genesis] is also the history of America's quest for the moon... Zimmerman has done a masterful job of tying disparate events together into a solid account of one of America's greatest human triumphs."--San Antonio Express-News
Click for full image.
The science team for the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) today posted a nice lesson on what features to look for when you are trying to find glaciers on Mars.
To do this they used one of the earliest images of a Martian glacier, taken by MRO on June 12, 2008. The image to the right, cropped and reduced to post here, shows that entire glacier, coming off a mesa in the chaos terrain region of Protonilus Mensae, a region of mesas and glaciers that I highlighted in an earlier post in December, showing images of a mesa that had numerous glaciers flowing down from all sides.
The overview map to the right shows the location of both that earlier glacier-surrounded mesa (the red dot in Protonilus Mensae) and today’s image (the blue dot).
What the MRO science team has done with the image today however is to use it to illustrate the most important geological features that one will see when looking at a Martian glacier.
One annotated section of the above image points out the foot of the glacier and moraine of material that the glacier had pushed out in front of it as it flowed. A second section focuses on the “linear features resembling fractures, as seen on many terrestrial glaciers,” which also resemble the parallel ridges and grooves that had been highlighted in an earlier MRO image posted only last week.
A third section notes the parallel lines visible along the glaciers edge near the valley walls. As they observe, these layers “could potentially be exposed layers or lines that mark the [glaciers]’s past levels.”
Finally, a fourth section shows the flowing flow features in the plains just beyond the moraine (only partly visible in my cropped image above). These are common near glaciers on Mars, and represent evidence of a time period when the glacier was active, with the ice pushing its way into the flats below the mesa.
This glacier however is likely not active today. Instead it still exists because it is buried by a veneer of dust and debris, that insulates it from the Sun and prevents it from sublimating away. It is probably more than a million years since this glacier moved, during the last time when Mars’ inclination was more than about 30 degrees and as great as 60 degrees. That higher inclination made the poles warmer than the mid-latitudes, thus transferring water from those poles to the mid-latitudes to fall as snow on these glaciers.
Today, with the planet’s inclination at 25 degrees, it is believed (but not proven) that the glaciers and poles of Mars are in a steady state. Some evidence suggests however that any the mid-latitude glaciers exposed to the Sun are shrinking, indicating that the process is reversing, and the ice at the mid-latitudes is beginning to sublimate back to the poles.
On Christmas Eve 1968 three Americans became the first humans to visit another world. What they did to celebrate was unexpected and profound, and will be remembered throughout all human history. Genesis: the Story of Apollo 8, Robert Zimmerman's classic history of humanity's first journey to another world, tells that story, and it is now available as both an ebook and an audiobook, both with a foreword by Valerie Anders and a new introduction by Robert Zimmerman.
The print edition can be purchased at Amazon or from any other book seller. If you want an autographed copy the price is $60 for the hardback and $45 for the paperback, plus $8 shipping for each. Go here for purchasing details. The ebook is available everywhere for $5.99 (before discount) at amazon, or direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit. If you buy it from ebookit you don't support the big tech companies and the author gets a bigger cut much sooner.
The audiobook is also available at all these vendors, and is also free with a 30-day trial membership to Audible.
"Not simply about one mission, [Genesis] is also the history of America's quest for the moon... Zimmerman has done a masterful job of tying disparate events together into a solid account of one of America's greatest human triumphs."--San Antonio Express-News