Category: Points of Information

A simple phone device for kids

September 5, 2025 8:40 am Robert Zimmerman

A British company is selling a very simple phone device for young children that allows them to stay in contact with their parents, including GPS location, without giving them a touchscreen and any access to the web.

The Messenger, from London-based outfit Karri, is meant to help kids aged 5-13 become more independent, while giving their parents peace of mind. It’s designed entirely around voice messaging, so you can chat with your child one-on-one, or connect them with other family members in a group conversation.

This is actually the company’s second-generation Messenger with an improved design over the first from 2023. It features a dot matrix display, a speaker, and most importantly, a “slide to talk” button in the center. Slide it down to listen to a voice message you’ve just received, slide up and hold to record a reply, and short slide up to send it off.

Considering the increasing evidence that smartphones do real damage to kids during their development ages, this kind of option makes sense. So does a simple flip phone, but this device provides a simpler and more limited alternative.

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Amazon gets first airline customer for its Kuiper constellation

September 5, 2025 8:05 am Robert Zimmerman

Amazon yesterday signed up its first airline customer, JetBlue, the airline agreeing to provide in-flight WiFi to its passengers using the Kuiper constellation.

Amazon’s satellite internet service, Project Kuiper, will partner with JetBlue to provide in-flight Wi-Fi starting in 2027. It’s Project Kuiper’s first deal with an airline as it aims to keep up with the SpaceX-owned Starlink, which has already snagged satellite internet agreements with United Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, Air France, and several others.

JetBlue must have gotten a truly great deal to go with Kuiper. It could start providing Starlink to passengers now if it wished, instead of waiting until 2027 with Kuiper. And even that date remains uncertain, considering how few satellites Amazon has so far launched (just over a hundred) when it needs at least 1,600 by next July to meet its FCC license requirements.

SpaceX launches another 28 Starlink satellites

September 5, 2025 7:16 am Robert Zimmerman

SpaceX in the wee hours last night successfully placed another 28 Starlink satellites into orbit, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from the Kennedy Space Centery in Florida.

The first stage completed its 27th flight, landing on a drone ship in the Atlantic. SpaceX now has one booster with 30 flights and three with 27 flights, putting these stages in the same league with the three most flown space shuttles, Discovery (39), Atlantis (33), and Columbia (28). Expect these boosters to all pass Discovery in the near future, with several more Falcon 9 boosters about to enter this league as well.

The leaders in the 2025 launch race:

113 SpaceX
48 China
12 Rocket Lab
11 Russia

SpaceX now leads the rest of the world in successful launches, 113 to 85.

4 comments

A glittering false-color image from Webb

September 4, 2025 6:01 pm Robert Zimmerman

Click for original image.

Cool image time! The picture to the right, reduced and sharpened to post here, was released today by the science team of the Webb Space Telescope. It shows in infrared false colors a spectacular star-forming region about 5,500 light years away, surrounded by glowing clouds.

Called Pismis 24, this young star cluster resides in the core of the nearby Lobster Nebula, approximately 5,500 light-years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius. Home to a vibrant stellar nursery and one of the closest sites of massive star birth, Pismis 24 provides rare insight into large and massive stars. Its proximity makes this region one of the best places to explore the properties of hot young stars and how they evolve.

At the heart of this glittering cluster is the brilliant Pismis 24-1. It is at the center of a clump of stars above the jagged orange peaks, and the tallest spire is pointing directly toward it. Pismis 24-1 appears as a gigantic single star, and it was once thought to be the most massive known star. Scientists have since learned that it is composed of at least two stars, though they cannot be resolved in this image. At 74 and 66 solar masses, respectively, the two known stars are still among the most massive and luminous stars ever seen.

…Super-hot, infant stars –some almost 8 times the temperature of the Sun – blast out scorching radiation and punishing winds that are sculpting a cavity into the wall of the star-forming nebula. That nebula extends far beyond NIRCam’s field of view. Only small portions of it are visible at the bottom and top right of the image. Streamers of hot, ionized gas flow off the ridges of the nebula, and wispy veils of gas and dust, illuminated by starlight, float around its towering peaks.

The universe is truly beautiful, if we look at it the right way.

Sunspot update: In August sunspot activity continued to rise

September 4, 2025 2:28 pm Robert Zimmerman

Time for this month’s sunspot update. To do this each month I begin by taking NOAA’s own monthly update of its graph of sunspot activity and annotating it with extra information to illustrate the larger scientific context.

This annotated graph showing the August activity is below, and for the third month in a row sunspot activity increased (as indicated by the green dot), so that the August number of sunspots now closely matched the April 2025 prediction by NOAA’s panel of solar scientists that the Sun was finally beginning its ramp down from solar maximum.
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Gemini South telescope captures Comet 3I/Atlas’s growing tail

September 4, 2025 1:43 pm Robert Zimmerman

Click for original image.

Using the Gemini South telescope in Chile, astronomers have taken new images of interstellar Comet 3I/Atlas as it moves through the solar system, this time capturing the slow growth of its tail.

The picture to the right, cropped, reduced, and sharpened to post here, shows that tail trailing off to the left. The stars are streaks because it required four exposures in different wavelengths to produce the image. The comet was held steady while the stars shifted after each exposure.

In the images captured during the session, the comet displays a broad coma — a cloud of gas and dust that forms around the comet’s icy nucleus as it gets closer to the Sun — and a tail spanning about 1/120th of a degree in the sky (where one degree is about the width of a pinky finger on an outstretched arm) and pointing away from the Sun. These features are significantly more extended than they appeared in earlier images of the comet, showing that 3I/ATLAS has become more active as it travels through the inner Solar System.

So far, all the evidence continues to show that though 3I/Atlas has an interstellar origin, it is a relatively ordinary comet, simply unique in the manner all objects of a category are unique. As the scientists pour over the comet’s spectroscopy we might find its make-up is somewhat different than comets from our own solar system, but the data so far suggests that the differences are not likely to be that startling.

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Spanish startup signs three customers for first flight of its returnable capsule

September 4, 2025 9:30 am Robert Zimmerman

The Spanish startup Orbital Paradigm today announced it has signed up three customers for the first flight of a subscale version of its Kestrel returnable capsule.

As it prepares for the inaugural flight of its return capsule, Orbital Paradigm has developed a subscale prototype to validate key technologies that will be used aboard Kestrel. According to the company, the prototype was built in less than a year for under €1 million.

In a 4 September announcement, Orbital Paradigm stated that its KID demonstrator will carry payloads for ALATYR (France), Leibniz University Hannover (Germany), and an undisclosed third customer. While the 4 September announcement did not include details about the Leibniz University Hannover payload or that of the undisclosed customer, ALATYR CEO Emeric Lhomme said his company’s payloads would demonstrate its robotic laboratory technology, which is designed to support microgravity research and production.

The company is also planning a second test flight with another subscale test spacecraft. Once operational in the 2030s, the company hopes to fly Kestrel monthly on three month missions.

The returnable capsule industry is certainly heating up. The American company Varda might have been first to do this in 2023-2024, but since then the field has gotten very crowded. In the U.S. we now have Inversion Space, Sierra Space, and even SpaceX using Starship.

In Europe we have The Exploration Company in France with its Nyx capsule, the German startup Atmos with its Phoenix capsule, the Spanish startup PLD with its Lince capsule, and the Luxembourg startup Space Cargo with its Bentobox capsule.

In addition, both China and Russia have recently flown returnable capsules, though it is not clear either has profit in mind.

This flood of startups strongly suggests there is great interest in the investment community for manufacturing products in space. While it is likely some of these startups will go belly-up, their number tells us that there is money to be made in this area, now that the cost of launch has dropped so significantly. With the expected advent of new rocket companies in the next two years, that cost will lower even further.

SpaceX gets FAA approval to double its annual launches from Cape Canaveral

September 4, 2025 9:02 am Robert Zimmerman

After several years of paperwork, the FAA yesterday approved SpaceX’s request to double its launch rate at the Space Force’s Cape Canaveral spaceport.

In addition to the annual launch increase from 50 launches to up to 120, the Federal Aviation Administration’s environmental review also approved a new on-site landing zone that could accommodate up to 34 booster landings per year. These boosters are the reusable first-stage portions of Falcon 9 rockets that SpaceX lands and refurbishes for future flights.

The review, finalized on Wednesday, found what’s known as a “Mitigated Finding of No Significant Impact,” meaning the proposed changes “would not significantly impact the quality of the human environment” under federal law, with impacts reduced by specific protective measures. [emphasis mine]

The highlighted words illustrate the absurdity of these environmental reviews. We know without doubt and without any major review that rocket launches do no harm to the environment or wildlife. We have seven decades of data in Florida proving it.

According to the article both the FAA and the Space Force still need to issue further approvals before this request can go forward. Expect the Space Force to agree, without much bother. The FAA needs to amend SpaceX’s launch licenses, and this should also happen relatively quick, especially with Trump as president.

Cargo Dragon completes test burn to raise ISS’s orbit

September 4, 2025 8:51 am Robert Zimmerman

The cargo Dragon that docked with ISS in late August successfully completed yesterday an engine burn lasting more than five minutes to see if it could raise ISS’s orbit.

On Wednesday, Sept. 3, SpaceX’s Dragon completed an initial burn to test the spacecraft’s new capability to help maintain the altitude of the International Space Station. Two Draco engines located in the trunk of Dragon, which contains an independent propellant system, were used to adjust the space station’s orbit through a maneuver lasting five minutes, three seconds. The initial test burn increased the station’s altitude by around one mile at perigee, or low point of station’s orbit, leaving the station in an orbit of 260.9 x 256.3 miles. The new boost kit in Dragon will help sustain the orbiting lab’s altitude through a series of longer burns planned periodically throughout the fall of 2025.

The Dragon will remain docked with ISS until December. It is expected it will do additional test burns during that time.

NASA wishes to get this capability from its own spacecraft so as to no longer have to rely entirely on the Russians, who have traditionally done these orbital adjustments using its Progress cargo freighters. SpaceX likely also wants to do these tests as an adjunct to its contract to build the de-orbit vehicle that will bring ISS down, after it is retired.

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September 3, 2025 Zimmerman/Batchelor podcast

September 3, 2025 10:19 pm Robert Zimmerman

Embedded below the fold in two parts.

To listen to all of John Batchelor’s podcasts, go here.
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September 3, 2025 Quick space links

September 3, 2025 3:10 pm Robert Zimmerman

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

Interlune wins $4.8 million grant from Texas Space Commission to build a facility to study lunar regolith simulants at the Johnson Space Center in Houston
The company has developed a proprietary system it claims can harvest resources from lunar soil, such as helium-3. It will use this facility to further test this system.

Axiom touts its completion of six custom hatch units to be used on the first two modules of its station
It is not clear from the tweet whether these are engineering test hatches or the actual flight units. Either way, they have been shipped to Thales-Alenia in Italy for testing.

Engineers propose new rectangular-shaped telescope for use in space
The concept produces a mirror that is smaller than Webb&s but with a greater ability to gather light. The article at the link touts this as a way to find alien life, a completely idiotic supposition and typical of the utter stupidity of our modern press.

On this day in 1988 contact with the Mars-bound Soviet spacecraft Phobos 1 was lost
The spacecraft shut down due to a faulty command sequence that was sent by mission control. The failure continued the curse that has hounded Russia’s missions to Mars: They all seem to fail before or at arrival.

Patterned frozen lava in Mars’ volcano country

September 3, 2025 12:55 pm Robert Zimmerman

Click for original image.

Cool image time! The picture to the right, cropped, reduced, and enhanced to post here, was taken on May 31, 2025 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).

The camera team label this “patterned ground.” And it is indeed. Though the topography is almost flat for large distances, the ground itself has these various patterns on it, from meandering small ridges to stippled roughness to very smooth sections.

The location is at 4.6 degrees north latitude, in the dry equatorial regions of Mars. No near surface ice created these features. All we can deduce from this picture is that this landscape is relatively young, as there are no craters seen.

So what caused these features? The location as always provides a clue.
» Read more

Radar images reveal near Earth asteroid to be a contact binary

September 3, 2025 12:06 pm Robert Zimmerman

Click for original image.

Just after asteroid 1997 QK1 made its first really close pass of the Earth on August 20, 2025, scientists used the Goldstone radio antenna take 28 high resolution images and discovered that the asteriod is peanut shaped, meaning that it is a contact binary of two objects that have fused together.

Those images, cropped, reduced, and sharpened to post here, are shown to the right.

The asteroid is about 660 feet (200 meters) long and completes one rotation every 4.8 hours. It passed closest to our planet on the day before these observations were made at a distance of about 1.9 million miles (3 million kilometers), or within eight times the distance between Earth and the Moon. The 2025 flyby is the closest that 1997 QK1 has approached to Earth in more than 350 years. Prior to the recent Goldstone observations, very little was known about the asteroid.

These observations resolve surface features down to a resolution of about 25 feet (7.5 meters) and reveal that the object has two rounded lobes that are connected, with one lobe twice the size of the other. Both lobes appear to have concavities that are tens of meters deep.

Though this asteroid is classified as potentially dangerous, calculations of its orbit show it poses no threat for the “foreseeable future.”

That it is a contact binary reinforces the present theory that about 15% of all larger asteroids belong to this class.

Juno detects the aurora of the moon Callisto in Jupiter’s atmosphere

September 3, 2025 10:19 am Robert Zimmerman

Though previous observations had detected auroras on Jupiter produced by three of its four Galilean moons — Io, Europa, and Ganymede — scientists had until now been unable to detect a similar aurora produced by the fourth, Callisto.

The Jupiter orbiter Juno finally accomplished this observation for the first time.

[T]o image Callisto’s footprint, the main auroral oval needs to move aside while the polar region is being imaged. And to bring to bear Juno’s arsenal of instruments studying fields and particles, the spacecraft’s trajectory must carry it across the magnetic field line linking Callisto and Jupiter.

These two events serendipitously occurred during Juno’s 22nd orbit of the giant planet, in September 2019, revealing Callisto’s auroral footprint and providing a sample of the particle population, electromagnetic waves, and magnetic fields associated with the interaction.

The research paper describing this detection has just been published.

These secondary auroras are caused by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field.

The Juno mission itself is about to end. NASA did not approve a mission extension, and next month the science team will send the spacecraft into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where it will burn up. We will then have to wait five years for Europa Clipper to arrive in Jupiter orbit, followed a year later by Europe’s Juice orbiter.

While the propaganda press is condemning this decision, there is some logic to it. Juno has mostly completed its work. While new knowledge can certainly be gained if it remained operations for three more years, the amount of knowledge will be relatively small. And NASA does face a budget crunch. Better to spend its money on other things that can produce more bang to the buck.

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France startup wins contract to build Starlink competitor

September 3, 2025 9:58 am Robert Zimmerman

France’s space agency CNES has awarded a €31 million contract to France startup Univity to build a demo satellite to demonstrate internet and phone-to-satellite capabilities, as part a longer term plan to build a constellation that can compete with both SpaceX’s Starlink and AST SpaceMobile constellation, both already launched and in operation.

Founded in 2022 under the name Constellation Technologies & Operations, UNIVITY aims to develop a very low Earth orbit constellation to provide global high-speed, low-latency internet services. A prototype of the company’s regenerative 5G mmWave payload was part of a 23 June SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare mission, hosted aboard the D-Orbit SpaceBound ION mission. The company expects to launch a pair of prototype satellites in 2027, followed by the deployment of its full constellation between 2028 and 2030.

This deal likely puts the final nail in the coffin of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) own government IRIS satellite constellation, which has been delayed, is expected to be very expensive and take a long time to get launched, and has already faced disinterest from many partners in ESA. That France is now going it alone likely ends any chance that IRIS will be funded.

Australian rocket startup Gilmour Space confirms successful operation of its first satellite

September 3, 2025 9:38 am Robert Zimmerman

The Australian rocket startup Gilmour Space, which in July tried but failed to launch for the first time its Eris rocket, yesterday announced that its first orbiting satellite, dubbed ElaraSat MMS-1, is operating as expected after a June launch by SpaceX.

Launched aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-14 mission in June, the locally designed and built satellite bus carries a hyperspectral imager from CSIRO, Australia’s national science agency. Since reaching orbit, ElaraSat MMS-1 has completed platform commissioning, verified satellite bus systems are operating as expected, [and] demonstrated reliable S-band communications and X-band downlink.

If this company can succeed in getting its rocket operational as well as build satellites, it will have capabilities comparable to SpaceX, Rocket Lab, and Firefly, and will be in a very strong position to compete internationally.

Two more launches in past 24 hours, by Israel and SpaceX

September 3, 2025 9:04 am Robert Zimmerman

Both Israel and SpaceX completed new launches during the evening hours yesterday. First, Israel placed an Ofek radar surveillance satellite into orbit, its small solid-fueld Shavit-2 rocket lifting off from an undisclosed location within the country, likely its Palmachim Airbase on the Mediterranean coast south of Tel Aviv. The launch occurred about the same time as SpaceX’s Starlink launch from Vandenberg, already reported last night.

This was Israel’s first launch in 2025, and the first since 2023. Since 2008 the country has launched seven military surveillance satellites, one about every two to four years or so.

Several hours later, in the wee hours of the morning, SpaceX completed another launch, placing 28 Starlink satellites into orbit, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Cape Canaveral in Florida. The first stage completed its fourteenth flight, landing on a drone ship in the Atlantic.

The leaders in the 2025 launch race:

112 SpaceX
48 China
12 Rocket Lab
11 Russia

SpaceX now leads the rest of the world in successful launches, 112 to 85.

SpaceX launches 24 more Starlink satellites

September 2, 2025 9:01 pm Robert Zimmerman

SpaceX tonight successfully launched another 24 Starlink satellites, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.

The first stage was new, successfully completing its first flight, landing on a drone ship in the Pacific.

The leaders in the 2025 launch race:

111 SpaceX
48 China
12 Rocket Lab
11 Russia

SpaceX now leads the rest of the world in successful launches, 111 to 84.

Website issues today

September 2, 2025 8:20 pm Robert Zimmerman

Though it is possible my readers might not have noticed, but it appears there was some major issue today on the website that slowed things to a crawl and could have even been an attack by hackers somewhere. Because of this my web guy Shane had to disable much of the under-the-hood stuff I use to post so he could fix things. Thus, no new posts or cool images today. Those posts that did go up had been scheduled before the problems appeared.

I am hoping to get back to normal tonight and tomorrow. Keep your fingers crossed for me.

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September 2, 2025 Quick space links

September 2, 2025 3:06 pm Robert Zimmerman

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

China touts the successful static fire test of the upper stage of its Kinetica-2 rocket
This engine would be used for missions to geosynchronous orbit or deep space.

On this day in 1979, Pioneer 11 made its closest approach to Saturn.
Though it discovered a new ring of Saturn and two new small moons, its main purpose was engineering, proving out the technology for such long interplanetary missions.

On this day in 1804, asteroid 3 Juno was discovered by German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding.

Trump once again moves Space Force HQ from Colorado to Alabama

September 2, 2025 12:55 pm Robert Zimmerman

During his first term as president, Donald Trump attempted to move the headquarters of the Space Force Colorado to Alabama. That move, announced in January 2021, never happened, first because it came so late in his term and second because Biden had no interest in making it happen and eventually rescinded it in 2023.

Today Trump reinstated that decision, once again announcing that the Space Force headquarters will move to Huntsville, Alabama.

The politics for this change have been and will continue to be complicated. Alabama’s lower cost of living would save the government money, but the defense industry is also well clustered in Colorado due to the military’s space operations that have been there for many decades.

In general I have never quite understood Trump’s desire to do this. I suspect there are some quid pro quo agreements in the background with Alabama politicians: “If you bring the Space Force to Alabama, Mr. Trump, we will back you on your other plans.” Then again, Trump might simply want to punish the increasingly leftist haven of Colorado.

Either way, it is now likely to finally happen. Trump 47 has been moving fast on all his initiatives, and is aided in this by a staff that is largely supportive (unlike during Trump 45).

15 comments

European Commission calls for a fast launch capability from its new rocket startups

September 2, 2025 9:18 am Robert Zimmerman

The European Union

Capitalism in space: As part of Europe’s major shift from its traditional government-run space program that could accomplish little to a commercial and independent space industry, the European Commission has now launched a study asking that new private sector to develop a fast launch capability able to put satellites in orbit quickly and on demand.

In the preamble to the call published on 10 July, the Commission notes that due to an increasing number of threats, both human and natural in origin, spacefaring actors must not only develop sovereign access to space but also create “systems capable of placing satellites into orbit quickly to meet urgent demands.”

In an effort to develop this capability, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space will commission three parallel studies. The primary objectives of the ten-month studies are to identify the commercial and institutional needs for such a capability within the EU, define suitable and affordable solutions across ground and launcher systems, and outline a roadmap towards achieving an operational service. The total budget for the call is €1.95 million, with up to €650,000 available for each study.

The American military has been pursuing this capability now for almost a decade, repeatedly issuing contracts to startups as well as established companies to demonstrate a fast launch. Except for SpaceX, the established companies have not been very successful in doing this. Among the startups, the results have been more promising, with Rocket Lab especially demonstrating the ability to install a payload and launch within days.

Though the European plan still appears to be seeped in bureaucratic requirements and top-down management, it is also working to encourage a robust competitive commercial sector with multiple companies, each producing their own variations on the problem. All told, the trend remains positive.

An interesting look at why the British government decided to eliminate its space agency

September 2, 2025 8:55 am Robert Zimmerman

Gone, and likely soon to be forgotten

Link here. The article depends almost entirely on anonymous sources, but unlike most propaganda news stories which typically use such sources to push one pro-government perspective, this article includes sources from a range of viewpoints.

According to those sources who wanted the UK Space Agency (UKSA) gone, the agency was eliminated last month because it simply had not been very effective in building up Great Britain’s space industry. First, it was too focused on doing what the European Space Agency wanted.

The U.K. has had a different approach to space than its European counterparts, such as Germany, France and Italy, the source explained. Historically, the U.K. has dedicated most of its resources to the European Space Agency (ESA) rather than pursuing a multipronged approach involving a strong domestic space program and bilateral partnerships independent of ESA. Therefore, over 80% of UKSA’s budget has been placed into ESA. The perception in the government was that UKSA was acting more in line with ESA’s wishes than with the U.K. government’s needs, the source added.

Second, it not only did nothing to alleviate the red tape hampering the industry, its existence added a layer that made things worse. Numerous studies and hearings before Parliament in the past five years have bewailed the situation. The inability of the rocket companies to get launch licenses — for years — proved their correctness.

Meanwhile, the anonymous sources opposing the agency’s elimination argued that without it Great Britain will be in a weaker position negotiating with its ESA partners as well as projecting itself internationally in the space field.
» Read more

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September 1, 2025 Quick space links

September 1, 2025 3:11 pm Robert Zimmerman

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

Rocket Lab shows off a fire-tested Archimedes rocket engine, to be used on its new Neutron rocket.
According to the tweet, this engine includes parts from a number of different engines.

French rocket startup MaiaSpace completes pressure testing of subscale prototypes of its Maia rocket’s tanks
The company also announced it is beginning development of an orbital tug, based on the design of the rocket’s optional third stage.

Video describing a new Earth observation constellation being built by four Indian startups—Pixxel, PierSight, SatSure, and Dhruva Space
Another example of India’s shift away from government-built satellites to a private space industry that designs, builds, and owns its products and makes money from them.

“What the heck?!” glaciers on Mars

September 1, 2025 11:57 am Robert Zimmerman

Overview map

Click for original image.

Cool image time! The picture to the right, cropped, reduced, and sharpened to post here, was taken on June 29, 2025 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). It falls into what I call my “What the heck?!” category of Martian land-forms, simply because their shape is so strange and inexplicable it is difficult to conceive a geological process that could create them.

Nor does it help much that we know what these land-forms are made of. The white dot on the overview map above marks the location, inside the 2,000-mile-wide northern mid-latitude strip I label glacier country, because almost every image taken shows glacial features. In this case, this strange geology is located on the floor of a canyon that is part of a large region of chaos terrain, a landscape typical of glacier country. This floor, as well as all the low areas, seems filled with glacial flows. This particular canyon appears to roughly flow downhill to the northwest, though the downhill grade in the entire region varies widely in all directions.

Based on all the orbital data, these flows are glacial in nature, the ice protected by a thin top layer of dirt and debris. The strange features at the top of all the small mesas in the picture above suggest that the wind possibly blew off the dirt and debris, exposing the ice and allowing it to sublimate away. This in turn produced the knobby hollows at the top of each mesa.

I am guessing, and no one should trust my guess considering I only make believe I’m a geologist on the internet.

3 comments

Juice successfully completes Venus fly-by

September 1, 2025 9:41 am Robert Zimmerman

The European orbiter Juice, on its way to Jupiter, successfully completed its fly-by of Venus on August 31, 2025, zipping 6,923 miles above the planet’s surface to get some of the velocity needed to get to Jupiter in 2031.

It still has to do two more fly-bys of Earth before it has enough speed to reach Jupiter.

There were no science observations during the Venus fly-by, as the spacecraft had to be oriented so that its large high gain antenna would protect its instruments from the Sun’s heat. It appears however that the science team has confirmed the spacecraft is in fine shape using its medium-gain antenna.

Once in orbit around Jupiter the spacecraft’s prime mission will be to do numerous fly-bys of the large icy Galilean moons, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Its data will also reinforce what Europa Clipper will learn while it does the same, beginning in 2030.

South Korea’s space agency requests big 15% budget increase

September 1, 2025 9:28 am Robert Zimmerman

South Korea’s space agency KASA today submitted its proposed budget for 2026 that included a 15% budget increase which would bring its funding to just under $8 billion.

According to the national space agency, the proposed funds will be concentrated in six major areas, which include the strengthening of space transportation capacity and new technology acquisition, advancing satellite-based communications, navigation and observation, as well as fostering future space industries through exploration.

The largest requested increases would be for developing new satellite constellations and rockets.

When the South Korean government established this agency in in 2024, it said its goal was to foster private enterprise. The agency itself repeated that assertion in January 2025 when it announced its long term plans. In both cases, however, I sensed a lack of sincerity in these assertions. The government wanted wanted to help build a prosperous aerospace industry, but it clearly wanted to do so with it in control.

Today’s budget request again reinforces my suspicions. KASA might want to encourage a commercial space industry, but it remains unclear whether it will let the private sector develop the satellites and rockets independently, or pay for the development while insisting it owns and controls everything.

Based on past history at NASA, my instincts say KASA will use this big budget to build an empire for its managers. Stay tuned to see if my instincts are correct.