March 19, 2026 Quick space links

2:44 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

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Russia and SpaceX complete launches

2:14 pm

There were two launches today, both of which sent up a cluster of satellites for broadband internet constellations.

First, Russia launched the first 16 satellites in its proposed 700+ satellite Russvet internet constellation, its Soyuz-2 rocket lifting off from its Plesetsk spaceport in northeast Russia. The satellites are built by the Russian company Bureau-1440, which hopes to have the entire constellation in orbit by 2035. Considering that this constellation is designed to compete with Starlink, its pace of launch is ridiculously low. SpaceX can generally launch 700 Starlink satellites in about a month, not ten years. By the time Russia gets this constellation in orbit it will be woefully obsolete.

SpaceX meanwhile proved this point today by continuing its brisk pace in Starlink launches. It successfully placed 29 more Starlink satellites in orbit, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.

The first stage (B1077) completed its 27th flight, landing on a drone ship in the Atlantic, only 26 days after its previous flight. This flight also moved the booster up to just behind the space shuttle Columbia in the rankings of the most reused launch vehicles:

39 Discovery space shuttle
33 Atlantis space shuttle
33 Falcon 9 booster B1067
32 Falcon 9 booster B1071
31 Falcon 9 booster B1063
30 Falcon 9 booster B1069
28 Columbia space shuttle
27 Falcon 9 booster B1077

Sources here and here.

The leaders in the 2026 launch race:

35 SpaceX
12 China
3 Rocket Lab
3 Russia

SpaceX continues to lead the entire world combined in total launches, as it did in both ’24 and ’25.

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Genesis cover

On Christmas Eve 1968 three Americans became the first humans to visit another world. What they did to celebrate was unexpected and profound, and will be remembered throughout all human history. Genesis: the Story of Apollo 8, Robert Zimmerman's classic history of humanity's first journey to another world, tells that story, and it is now available as both an ebook and an audiobook, both with a foreword by Valerie Anders and a new introduction by Robert Zimmerman.

 

The print edition can be purchased at Amazon or any other book seller. If you want an autographed copy the price is $60 for the hardback and $45 for the paperback, plus $8 shipping for each. Go here for purchasing details. The ebook is available everywhere for $5.99 (before discount) at amazon, or direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit you don't support the big tech companies and the author gets a bigger cut much sooner.


The audiobook is also available at all these vendors, and is also free with a 30-day trial membership to Audible.
 

"Not simply about one mission, [Genesis] is also the history of America's quest for the moon... Zimmerman has done a masterful job of tying disparate events together into a solid account of one of America's greatest human triumphs."--San Antonio Express-News

Scientists compile catalog of the 69 known rocky exoplanets in the habitable zone

12:49 pm

Graph of the 45 most habitable known exoplanets
Credit: Gillis Lowry / Pablo Carlos Budassi.
Click for original at full resolution.

Scientists reviewing the more than 6,000 exoplanets so far discovered have now compiled a detailed catalog describing the 69 known rocky exoplanets that are also in the habitable zone.

The graph to the right, cropped and reduced to post here, shows the 45 exoplanets most likely to be habitable, with the amount of energy they get from their star measured relative to that of Earth and the Sun (shown center top). You can read their paper here. From the press release:

The researchers pinpointed 45 rocky worlds that may support life in the habitable zone, and another 24 in a narrower 3D habitable zone that makes a more conservative assumption of how much heat a planet can take before it loses its habitability.

They include some famous exoplanets, including Proxima Centauri b, TRAPPIST-1f and Kepler 186f, as well as others that are not as well known, such as TOI-715 b. The most interesting planets of those listed, according to the authors, are TRAPPIST-1 d, e, f and g, which are 40 light-years from Earth, as well as LHS 1140 b, which is 48 light-years away. Whether these planets could have liquid water depends in part if they can hold an atmosphere.

The worlds that get light from their stars most similar to what modern Earth receives from the Sun are the transiting planets TRAPPIST-1 e, TOI-715 b, Kepler-1652 b, Kepler-442 b, Kepler-1544 b and the planets Proxima Centauri b, GJ 1061 d, GJ 1002 b, and Wolf 1069 b, which make their stars wobble.

The paper includes tables listing the best exoplanets that do transits of their stars, the best with the oldest estimated ages, and the best for testing the limits of the habitable zone itself. As the researchers say in their abstract:

The resulting list of rocky exoplanet targets in the HZ will allow observers to shape and optimize search strategies with space- and ground-based telescopes – such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), and Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) – and design new observing strategies and instruments to explore these worlds, addressing the question of the limits of exoplanet surface habitability.

In other words, the focus of exoplanet research is now shifting from simply finding these planets to studying them directly, with the potentially habitable worlds listed above the most interesting of all. Astronomers might not find alien life or civilizations on these worlds, but at a minimum they will be doing the first preliminary scouting for humanity’s the first interstellar missions, with the Trappist-1 solar system appearing to head the list.

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Uranus’s moon Oberon, of which we know little

11:38 am

Uranus' five biggest moonsThe historically known moons of Uranus. Click for original NASA press release.

Oberon, as seen by Voyager-2
Click for original image.

Today we finish our week-long tour of the five largest moons of Uranus, all discovered by astronomers before the start of the space age, and imaged successfully if not very completely by Voyager-2 when it did its fly-by of the planet on January 24, 1986. The gallery of these moons above was taken by the spacecraft when it was on approach, still about three million miles from Uranus, and shows them in order from the innermost on the left to the outermost on the right. They are also scaled to show their relative sizes. To see Voyager-2’s close-up images of the four inner moons, posted earlier this week, go here, here, here, and here.

The picture to the right, cropped slightly to post here, is Voyager-2’s only high resolution image of Oberon, the outermost moon of this group. From NASA’s press release:

This Voyager 2 picture of Oberon is the best the spacecraft acquired of Uranus’ outermost moon. The picture was taken shortly after 3:30 a.m. PST on Jan. 24, 1986, from a distance of 410,000 miles. The color was reconstructed from images taken through the narrow-angle camera’s violet, clear and green filters.

The picture shows features as small as 7 miles on the moon’s surface. Clearly visible are several large impact craters in Oberon’s icy surface surrounded by bright rays similar to those seen on Jupiter’s moon Callisto. Quite prominent near the center of Oberon’s disk is a large crater with a bright central peak and a floor partially covered with very dark material. This may be icy, carbon-rich material erupted onto the crater floor sometime after the crater formed. Another striking topographic feature is a large mountain, about 6 km (4 mi) high, peeking out on the lower left limb.

Oberon is about 946 miles in diameter, making it the tenth-largest moon in the solar system. Because of the quickness of Voyager-2’s fly-by, it could get no closer images, and none of the planet’s nightside. Thus, only 40% of the surface has been photographed, and at not very high resolution.

Later spectroscopy from Hubble and other telescopes suggests there is water ice on the surface. Other data suggests Oberon may have a liquid underground ocean, but that conclusion is highly uncertain. Other than these vague facts and the image to the right, we essentially know almost nothing about this moon. Like Titiania, Uranus’s largest moon, Voyager-2’s data merely gave us a tantalizing glimpse, and that glimpse is now forty years old. No other mission has been there since, and none is planned in the near future.

Tomorrow, to summarize this tour, I will outline further what little we know of Uranus and its moons

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Conscious Choice cover

Now available in hardback and paperback as well as ebook!

 

From the press release: In this ground-breaking new history of early America, historian Robert Zimmerman not only exposes the lie behind The New York Times 1619 Project that falsely claims slavery is central to the history of the United States, he also provides profound lessons about the nature of human societies, lessons important for Americans today as well as for all future settlers on Mars and elsewhere in space.

 
Conscious Choice: The origins of slavery in America and why it matters today and for our future in outer space, is a riveting page-turning story that documents how slavery slowly became pervasive in the southern British colonies of North America, colonies founded by a people and culture that not only did not allow slavery but in every way were hostile to the practice.  
Conscious Choice does more however. In telling the tragic history of the Virginia colony and the rise of slavery there, Zimmerman lays out the proper path for creating healthy societies in places like the Moon and Mars.

 

“Zimmerman’s ground-breaking history provides every future generation the basic framework for establishing new societies on other worlds. We would be wise to heed what he says.” —Robert Zubrin, founder of the Mars Society.

 

All editions are available at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and all book vendors, with the ebook priced at $5.99 before discount. All editions can also be purchased direct from the ebook publisher, ebookit, in which case you don't support the big tech companies and the author gets a bigger cut much sooner.

 

Autographed printed copies are also available at discount directly from the author (hardback $29.95; paperback $14.95; Shipping cost for either: $6.00). Just send an email to zimmerman @ nasw dot org.

German rocket startup signs deal to launch from SaxaVord spaceport in Scotland

9:56 am

Proposed or active spaceports in North Europe
Proposed or active spaceports in North Europe

The German rocket startup HyImpulse yesterday signed a contract with the SaxaVord spaceport on the Shetland Islands in Scotland to do a suborbital test launch at SaxaVord later this year.

HyImpulse has agreed a launch deal with the Unst spaceport, with the aim of a suborbital launch in quarter three of 2026. It will be the second launch of the company’s SR75 suborbital launch vehicle following a successful lift-off in Australia in 2024, which used a hybrid propulsion system involving paraffin “candle wax” and liquid oxygen. HyImpulse said that initial launch, from Koonibba, showed the vehicle could demonstrate “stable flight validating system performance under operational conditions”.

Under the agreement, SaxaVord will provide launch infrastructure and operational support for the launch of the SR75.

HyImpulse is the second German rocket startup to sign a deal to launch from SaxaVord. Rocket Factory Augsburg plans its second attempt to do an orbital launch from there later this year. In 2024 it was gearing up to do that launch but an explosion during a full static fire test of the rocket’s first stage killed that plan.

Considering the red tape the United Kingdom has imposed on rocket companies, bankrupting two and delaying all launches for years from both SaxaVord and the other proposed spaceport in Sutherland, Scotland, I am surprised these two rocket companies have signed these deals. Maybe the UK’s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has been reformed and eased that red tape.

Or maybe HyImpulse will find its plans blocked by the CAA as that agency once again ponders at glacial pace the issuing of a new launch license. Stay tuned.

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OHB wins $285 million contract to build weather satellite constellation for ESA

9:36 am

ESA logo

Capitalism in space The Swedish subsidiary of the European aerospace company OHB yesterday announced it has won a $285 million contract from the European Space Agency (ESA) to build and maintain a six satellite weather satellite constellation.

The company had already successfully launched and tested a single demo satellite, proving a small satellite could do the job.

The foundation for this is the Arctic Weather Satellite (AWS), which OHB Sweden successfully placed in orbit as a demonstrator more than a year ago. The OHB SE subsidiary developed the small satellite on behalf of the European Space Agency ESA in record time, using a deliberately chosen New Space approach. Only three years passed between contract award and launch.

This new constellation is dubbed EUMETSAT Polar System – Sterna (EPS-Sterna), and will supplement and eventually replace the expensive government-built Eumetsat weather constellation presently in orbit.

OHB Sweden is the prime contractor for the delivery of the satellites for the EPS Sterna constellation. The consortium also includes Omnisys in Sweden as the supplier of the microwave instruments, which constitute the primary meteorological payload. A total of 20 satellites will be delivered under the contract. The industrial team includes approximately 30 companies. Germany is also strongly represented by SMEs that will contribute key hardware for the instrument and the satellite platform. The satellites will be procured by EUMETSAT through ESA. EUMETSAT itself will develop the ground segment, procure and provide the launch services, operate the satellites, manage the constellation and distribute the data through its data distribution mechanisms, which has a planned operational lifetime of 13 years.

This contract is another example of Europe’s fast shift in the past three years from the government model to the capitalism model. It took ESA almost a decade to finally decide to make that shift, but once it did it seems to be moving far faster than NASA did to implement it.

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Leaving Earth cover

Leaving Earth: Space Stations, Rival Superpowers, and the Quest for Interplanetary Travel, can be purchased as an ebook everywhere for only $3.99 (before discount) at amazon, Barnes & Noble, all ebook vendors, or direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit.

 

If you buy it from ebookit you don't support the big oppressive tech companies and I get a bigger cut much sooner.

 

Winner of the 2003 Eugene M. Emme Award of the American Astronautical Society.

 
"Leaving Earth is one of the best and certainly the most comprehensive summary of our drive into space that I have ever read. It will be invaluable to future scholars because it will tell them how the next chapter of human history opened." -- Arthur C. Clarke

Update on SpaceX’s preparations for the 12th orbital test flight of Starship/Superheavy

9:22 am

Link here. The testing has apparently verified the fueling system of Superheavy at the new launchpad.

Starship Flight 12 took another step toward launch, with Booster 19 completing an initial test campaign on the newly commissioned Pad 2 at Starbase, Texas. Culminating in a short Static Fire test, the series of tests was a first for Pad 2, the Block 3/V3 Super Heavy Booster, and for the upgraded Raptor 3 outside of single engine testing.

As the inaugural vehicle to undergo operations on this pad, B19’s campaign served as both a booster qualification test and a commissioning milestone for the expanded launch infrastructure, paving the way for a long-awaited static fire test of its Raptor 3 engines.

Lots of details worth reading. Ground testing will now shift to Starship. All in all, it does appear that an early April launch is likely.

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Rocket Lab wins $190 million hypersonic test contract from War Department

9:14 am

War Department logo

Rocket Lab yesterday announced it has won a $190 million contract from War Department to do another twenty suborbital test launches using its HASTE first stage version of its Electron rocket.

Rocket Lab Corporation … today announced the signing of its single largest launch agreement yet: a $190 million contract for a block buy of 20 hypersonic test flights with its HASTE launch vehicle for the Test Resource Management Center (TRMC) Multi-Service Advanced Capability Hypersonic Test Bed (MACH-TB) 2.0 program – a U.S. Department of War effort executed in partnership with Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division (NSWC Crane) to rapidly accelerate hypersonic flight tests and advanced aerospace technologies shaping the future of defense missions.

Under MACH-TB 2.0 Task Area 1, led by Kratos Defense & Security Solutions, Inc, Rocket Lab will perform 20 hypersonic test flights with its HASTE launch vehicle over a four-year period. The first of these 20 new missions is expected to take place within months of contract signing, demonstrating Rocket Lab’s operational efficiency and ability to move quickly to meet modern warfare demands.

This is the work that Stratolaunch had hoped to grab with its giant Roc airplane and Talon hypersonic test vehicle. Rocket Lab saw an opportunity and quickly reconfigured the first stage of its Electron rocket for the same work, dubbing this version HASTE. In the past three years both it and Stratolaunch have done hypersonic test flights, but Rocket Lab’s work has been more frequent and extensive, doing seven HASTE hypersonic launches to one test by Stratolaunch. That success apparently convinced the military to give Rocket Lab this larger new contract.

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Scientists: Shadowcam images suggest there is little water in permanently shadowed lunar craters

8:58 am

Shadowcam-LRO mosaic
The floor of Shackleton Crater showing no obvious ice deposits,
as seen by Shadowcam, imposed on a Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
image. The black cross marks the south pole. Click for original image.

In a new paper published yesterday, the science team for the low-light Shadowcam instrument on South Korea’s lunar orbiter Danuri confirmed their earlier conclusion from 2024, that there appears to be far less water ice than expected in the permanently shadowed lunar craters near the Moon’s south pole. From their abstract:

We used the high-reflectance and forward-scattering optical properties to search for water ice in lunar PSRs [permanently shaded regions]. We found no evidence of widespread water ice in PSRs at abundances above the detection limit of 20 to 30 wt % but could not rule out widespread low-content water ice. A few small locations with both high reflectance and forward-scattering behavior were observed, which could be consistent with >10 wt % ice.

And from their conclusion:

Our manual examination of ShadowCam radiance images that cover all lunar PSRs suggests either that most of the lunar PSRs lack surface ice exposures or that their ice concentration is below the detection limit, approximately 20 to 30 wt % on the basis of the visible reflectance enhancement, which aligns well with previous ShadowCam findings. Only a few candidate high-reflectance anomalies were seen, which, if they are water ice, is consistent with previous sparse detections of lunar surface water ice.

There is still a chance there is water ice in these permanently shadowed craters, but it appears once again that if it exists, it will likely require processing to extract it from the soil, and there won’t be that much available regardless.

These results are not conclusive, but they do suggest that the south pole of the Moon will not be as ideal a location for a lunar base as previously imagined.

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March 18, 2026 Quick space links

2:42 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

4 comments

Tantalizing Titania, Uranus’s largest moon

11:45 am

Uranus' five biggest moonsThe historically known moons of Uranus. Click for original NASA press release.

Titania as seen by Voyager-2
Click for original image.

This week’s tour of the five largest moons of Uranus continues today with a look at the highest resolution picture taken Uranus’s largest moon, Titania, when Voyager-2 did its fly-by of the solar system’s seventh planet on January 24, 1986. The image to the right, cropped and reduced to post here, was taken from about 229,000 miles, and can only resolve objects bigger than eight miles across. From the press release:

Titania is the largest satellite of Uranus, with a diameter of a little more than 1,000 miles. Abundant impact craters of many sizes pockmark the ancient surface. The most prominent features are fault valleys that stretch across Titania. They are up to 1,000 miles long and as much as 45 miles wide. In valleys seen at right-center, the sunward-facing walls are very bright. While this is due partly to the lighting angle, the brightness also indicates the presence of a lighter material, possibly young frost deposits. An impact crater more than 125 miles in diameter distinguishes the very bottom of the disk; the crater is cut by a younger fault valley more than 60 miles wide. An even larger impact crater, perhaps 180 miles across, is visible at top.

Two or three other images were taken by Voyager-2, but they don’t provide any significant additional information. All told the spacecraft was only able to see about 40% of Titania’s surface.

Subsequent research using a variety of orbiting telescopes have suggested there is water ice and carbon dioxide on the surface. This data also hints of the presence of a very very thin atmosphere. These results however are quite uncertain.

As with Uranus’s other moons Miranda, Ariel, and Umbriel that I highlighted earlier this week, the Voyager-2 data merely gives us a taste of what’s there. Forty years later we have learned almost nothing more about these distant worlds.

Tomorrow we look at Oberon. I will then follow-up the next day with a look at what we don’t know about Uranus and its moons.

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Scientists detect the five chemicals that make up DNA/RNA inside Ryugu samples

11:05 am

Ryugu's northern hemisphere
Ryugu as seen by Hayabusa-2 shortly before it grabbed
samples from the surface. Arrow indicates planned touchdown
site.

Scientists studying the samples brought back from the asteroid Ryugu by Japan’s probe Hayabusa-2 have found therein a full set of the five fundamental chemicals that make up either DNA or RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. From the paper’s [pdf] abstract:

Organic molecules delivered from extraterrestrial materials may have played a key role in supplying building blocks for life on Earth. Here we report all five canonical nucleobases—purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine and uracil)—in samples returned from the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu by JAXA’s Hayabusa2 mission and compare the results with data from similar extraterrestrial material.

Ryugu samples contain nearly equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines, whereas Murchison is enriched in purines and Bennu and Orgueil in pyrimidines. Samples from Ryugu, Bennu and Orgueil, which have a similar mineralogy and elemental composition, show purine-to-pyrimidine ratios negatively correlating with ammonia.

These observations indicate that the nucleobases in these samples may have formed via a shared pathway depending on the physicochemical environment of the respective parent bodies. The detection of diverse nucleobases in asteroid and meteorite materials demonstrates their widespread presence throughout the Solar System and reinforces the hypothesis that carbonaceous asteroids contributed to the prebiotic chemical inventory of early Earth.

In other words, the data from these samples suggests that the formation of life on Earth was greatly aided by the deposition of these carbon molecules from asteroids onto the Earth.

At the same time, some caution must be exercised. At present we only have samples from three asteroids, one of which (Orgueil) was obtained shortly after it crashed on Earth. It will take a much larger census of many in-space asteroids to confirm this hypothesis.

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Solar scientists: We finally think we know the location of the Sun’s dynamo

10:42 am

The Sun's interior
NASA graphic used in the press release and
annotated to post here.

The uncertainty of science: Using three decades of data gathered during the last three solar cycles, scientists now think they have finally determined the location of the Sun’s dynamo in its interior, at a transition point about 125,000 miles below the surface called the tachocline. From the abstract of their paper [pdf]:

The exact location of the solar dynamo remains uncertain–whether it operates primarily in the near-surface shear layer, throughout the entire convection zone, or near the tachocline – a region of sharp transition in the solar rotation, located at the base of the convection zone, approximately 200,000 km [125,000 miles] beneath the surface. Various studies have supported each of these possibilities.

…Our analysis reveals that the gradient of rotation displays ‘butterfly’–like behavior near the tachocline, which is similar to the magnetic butterfly diagram at the surface. This result supports the idea that the solar dynamo has a deep-seated origin, likely operating either near the tachocline or throughout the convection zone, thereby disfavoring the recent scenario of a shallow, near-surface dynamo. This finding may also have important implications for understanding how stellar dynamos operate in general. [emphasis mine]

Even though scientists have known for more than a century that the Sun’s eleven-year cycle of flipping the polarity of its magnetic field is the fundamental cause of the sunspot cycle, they actually know very little about the dynamo that causes that magnetic field, as this study implies. They not only don’t have any understanding of the fundamental processes that creates that dynamo or causes it to flip polarity every eleven years, they still aren’t entirely sure where it is located within the Sun.

Thus, the highlighted sentence above is one large understatement. Of course knowing the dynamos location will have “important implications for understanding stellar dynamics.” This study is a first good stab at the problem, but it also shows us how little we actually know.

Remember this when anyone tells you “the science is settled” about climate change. The Sun is the number one influence on the Earth’s climate, and its solar cycle appears to be an important factor in that influence. Until we have a better understanding of the Sun, its magnetic field, and the dynamo that creates it, no climate prediction will be worth anything. Such predictions will be all guesswork, and likely put forth for political reasons.

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Why are commercial space startups shifting their focus to the military? $185 billion is the answer

9:21 am

War Department logo

In the past two years a number of space startups as well as established companies have shifted their work focus from getting NASA or commercial contracts to pursuing projects from the War Department.

The best example of this has been Sierra Space, which until three years ago was entirely focused on building a Dream Chaser reusable mini-shuttle to bring cargo to and from ISS, as well as partnering with Blue Origin to build their proposed Orbital Reef space station.

Then, in late 2023 the company underwent a major management and staffing shake-up aimed at winning military and national security contracts. At the same time work on its LIFE inflatable module — intended for Orbital Reef — practically ceased, while the effort to get Dream Chaser finished seemed to slow to a crawl, eventually causing NASA to drop it as an ISS cargo vehicle.

Sierra Space however is only one example. During this time Rocket Lab shifted its focus somewhat to the military in developing HASTE, its suborbital test version of its Electron rocket, in order to win substantial hypersonic test contracts from the Pentagon. And then there’s Tory Bruno, who quit his job as CEO of the rocket company ULA to take a job at Blue Origin heading a national security team aimed at winning that company military contracts.

So what has caused this shift? Has investment in the civil space industry dried up?

Hardly. The number of rocket startups continues to grow, fueled by the many new and established satellite companies planning constellations of tens of thousands to millions of satellites as well as the orbiting manufacturing possibilities presented by the five space stations under development. There is a lot of investment capital pouring into these efforts

The reason for this shift — which really isn’t so much a shift but a new focus that many companies are adding to their portfolio — is provided by an article today in Air & Space Forces Magazine, describing the War Department’s recent decision to add $10 billion to the budget of its Golden Dome project, raising it to $185 billion, while noting this:
» Read more

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March 17, 2026 Quick space links

2:48 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

One comment

Voyager-2’s only close-up image of Uranus’s moon Umbriel

12:38 pm

Uranus' five biggest moonsThe historically known moons of Uranus. Click for original NASA press release.

Umbriel as seen by Voyager-2
Click for source.

Today’s cool image continues our tour of the five largest moons of Uranus, as seen by Voyager-2 in 1986 during its close-up visit. The family portrait above, taken from more than three million miles away during Voyager-2’s approach, shows the relative sizes of those five moons as well as their location relative to Uranus, with Miranda in the closest orbit and Oberon the farthest. I have already posted close-ups from Miranda and Ariel. Today’s image moves us outward to Umbriel.

The image to the right is Voyager-2’s best picture. In fact, it is really Voyager-2’s only close-up image, and as you can see, it is not that close or sharp. I have not reduced it at all. This is how NASA released it. From the NASA press release:

The southern hemisphere of Umbriel displays heavy cratering in this Voyager 2 image, taken Jan. 24, 1986, from a distance of 346,000 miles. This frame, taken through the clear-filter of Voyager’s narrow-angle camera, is the most detailed image of Umbriel, with a resolution of about 6 miles.

Umbriel is the darkest of Uranus’ larger moons and the one that appears to have experienced the lowest level of geological activity. It has a diameter of about 750 miles and reflects only 16 percent of the light striking its surface; in the latter respect, Umbriel is similar to lunar highland areas. Umbriel is heavily cratered but lacks the numerous bright-ray craters seen on the other large Uranian satellites; this results in a relatively uniform surface albedo (reflectivity). The prominent crater on the terminator (upper right) is about 70 miles across and has a bright central peak.

The strangest feature in this image (at top) is a curious bright ring, the most reflective area seen on Umbriel. The ring is about 90 miles in diameter and lies near the satellite’s equator. The nature of the ring is not known, although it might be a frost deposit, perhaps associated with an impact crater. Spots against the black background are due to ‘noise’ in the data.

This lone picture of Umbriel by Voyager-2 illustrates even more starkly the very sparse data we have of Uranus and its moons. Voyager-2 is the only spacecraft to ever visit this planet, and it only did a quick fly-by, just long enough to give us this one dim snapshot view. It is forty years later, and no other missions have flown there, nor is any planned in the near future. There are proposals, but none are yet approved.

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Modeling says the Small Magellanic Cloud passed through the Large Magellanic Cloud 200 million years ago

11:18 am

Illustration of collision of Magellanic clouds
Click for original graphic.

According to new computer modeling, some astronomers now believe that a collision between the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) 200 million years ago best explains the chaotic movement of the stars in the former.

The SMC contains more mass in gas than in stars. Gas cools, contracts under gravity and settles into a rotating disk, the same process that shaped the spinning plane of our solar system. But when researchers, including those at University of Arizona, previously measured the motion of the SMC’s stars using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Gaia satellite of the European Space Agency, the SMC’s stars were not orbiting around the galaxy’s center the way stars in most galaxies do.

The possible reason, Rathore said, is a collision. A few hundred million years ago, the SMC crashed directly through the LMC’s disk. The LMC’s gravity disrupted the SMC’s internal structure and sent its stars into random, disordered motion. Also, the LMC’s gas applied a tremendous amount of pressure to the SMC’s gas and destroyed its gas rotation.

The graphic to the right illustrates that collision, based on the computer modeling. It appears the Small Magellanic Cloud’s passage through the Large Magellanic Cloud acted to shake the smaller cloud apart, spreading its stars and gas across a wider space.

You can read the paper here [pdf]. There is of course a great deal of uncertainty in these results, but they add weight to the general theory that galaxy formation is strongly impacted by such collisions. As the scientists note in the conclusion of their paper, “The SMC gives a front row view of group processes driving dramatic morphological and kinematic transformations.”

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The first Artemis lunar landings might not go to the Moon’s south pole

10:09 am

It appears from remarks recently by one NASA official, that while the south pole remains the agency’s main lunar base target, it is now looking into other landing options in order to make those first manned landing less risky and easier and quicker to achieve.

Amit Kshatriya, NASA Associate Administrator was very vague in his statement, but nonetheless this was what it appears he was saying:

We have opened up the, I would say, the performance specification for the early landing missions in as many ways as we can, in terms of different lunar orbits we want to take, or different other constraints … to make it as agile as possible, to recognize performance limitations in some of the machines we have and let our providers tell us, hey, if you took these constraints out of the way, how could we go faster? So we’re going to do that.

The agency’s administrator, Jared Isaacman, is also pushing to quickly begin sending a lot of unmanned landers to the south pole by next year. Thus, under this plan, we might actually find out first whether there really is water in those permanently shadowed craters, before committing our manned lunar base to this location.

This new approach makes a great deal of sense, especially since the data that has looked into those craters has been very inconclusive, some positive and some negative.

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Canada leases Nova Scotia spaceport for $200 million

9:55 am

Proposed Canadian spaceports
Proposed Canadian spaceports

The Canadian government yesterday announced it is committing significant funding to several space-related companies, including issuing a ten year $200 million lease to the Nova Scotia spaceport that has been unable to attract any launch customers for the past ten years.

The investment is a 10‑year, $200‑million agreement to lease a dedicated space‑launch pad that will serve as the central foundation for a multi-user spaceport near Canso, Nova Scotia. Operated by Maritime Launch Services, this spaceport will support the operational needs of the Department of National Defence (DND), the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), and the wider Government of Canada, while also offering ad hoc access to allies and partners.

The history of Maritime and its Spaceport Nova Scotia is far from encouraging. It was first proposed in 2016, offering satellite companies both a launch site and a Ukrainian-built rocket. That plan fell through when Russia invaded the Ukraine and the rocket became unavailable. Since then Maritime has struggled to convince rocket companies to use the spaceport, all to no avail. It signed some deals, but none has gone anywhere. This Canadian government lease appears an attempt to save it, since it is very unlikely that this government will be capable of building its own rocket during those ten years.

In order to avoid accusations of favoritism, the government at the same time also announced further $8.3 million grants to three Canadian companies to help them develop their own rockets, one of which is Nordspace, which has its own proposed spaceport, the Atlantic Spaceport in Newfoundland. According to the government, these grants are part of a $105 million program to encourage a sovereign Canadian rocket industry. The other two companies are Reaction Dynamics, which wants to launch its suborbital rocket from Nova Scotia, and a new startup dubbed the Canada Rocket Company, of which little is known.

Apparently, the leftist Canadian government is following in the footsteps of the leftist government of the United Kingdom. In both cases their private spaceports have floundered for decades, unable to attract customers for a variety of reasons. To save them, both governments are now pouring cash into their pockets to prop them up.

In the case of the UK, the obstacles have almost entirely been the red tape of the government. In the case of Canada and Maritime’s Nova Scotia spaceport, it has been a series of bad management decisions that reflect poorly on the company. Private capital has thus not been interested in investing in it. Nor have any rocket companies been interested in launching from it.

So of course, the leftist Canadian government is going to use other people’s money to fund it. How typical.

Canadian may get its own launch capability from this program, but don’t bet on it. Government programs like this have routinely failed, wasting billions and decades with little to show for the effort. The program’s one saving grace however is that the government isn’t designing, building, and owning the rockets. It is instead hiring these three companies to do the work. Under that framework, there is a chance something might actually happen.

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SpaceX completes two launches since yesterday

8:56 am

Since last night SpaceX successfully completed two Starlink launches.

First, in the evening it placed 25 more Starlink satellites into orbit, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. The first stage completed its 14th flight, landing on a drone ship in the Pacific.

Then, in the early morning hours it launched another 29 Starlink satellites, its Falcon 9 rocket lifting off from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The first stage completed its 11th flight, landing on a drone ship in the Atlantic.

Increasingly it appears SpaceX is improving the turn-around reuse time for its first stages. The two first stages on these flights had turn-arounds of 32 and 27 days respectively, which appears to be the average in recent launches. With a fleet of about two dozen stages, this pace allows the company to easily do multiple launches per week.

The leaders in the 2026 launch race:

34 SpaceX
12 China
3 Rocket Lab
2 Russia

SpaceX continues to lead the entire world combined in total launches, as it did in both ’24 and ’25.

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South Korean rocket startup Innospace pinpoints the cause of its first launch failure

8:01 am

Less than five seconds after launch
Hanbit-Nano less than five seconds after launch,
prior to its failure in December 2025.

The South Korean rocket startup Innospace today released the results of its investigation into the launch failure of its Hanbit-Nano rocket on its maiden flight on December 22, 2025, pinpointing the failure 33 seconds after liftoff to a rupture in the first stage combustion chamber assembly

The launch vehicle was confirmed to have flown nominally during the initial phase of flight, with flight data transmitted normally following liftoff. Thirty-three seconds into flight, combustion gas leakage occurred at the forward section of the first-stage hybrid rocket combustion chamber assembly, resulting in a rupture of the combustion chamber and the subsequent separation of the launch vehicle into multiple parts.

The investigation further determined that the leakage was caused by insufficient compression and uneven sealing performance resulting from plastic deformation of sealing components during the reassembly process following the replacement of the forward chamber plug during launch preparation activities in Brazil.

Based on these findings, INNOSPACE plans to strengthen assembly processes and quality management procedures. The company will also implement certain design improvements and upgrades to related components and conduct additional functional verification procedures.

The company hopes to attempt a second launch in the third quarter of 2026, once again lifting off from Brazil’s Alcantera spaceport.

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March 16, 2026 Quick space links

3:02 pm

Courtesy of BtB’s stringer Jay, whom we welcome back from his vacation. This post is also an open thread. I welcome my readers to post any comments or additional links relating to any space issues, even if unrelated to the links below.

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Continuing our tour of Uranus’ five biggest moons: Ariel

12:17 pm

In preparing my cool image last week focused on the best Voyager-2 image of Uranus’ moon Miranda, I came to a realization that was somewhat startling. Voyager-2 is the only time a human spacecraft has gotten close to Uranus, and it was only close for a few days. Thus, the data and images it obtained of the gas giant and its moons is remarkable more sparse than I had ever realized.

You see, when these images were first released in 1986 they were exciting because they gave us that first look. Suddenly, a light was shined on something that had always been shrouded in darkness. It was a flood of data that needed processing.

It is now forty years later. No spacecraft has been there since, and thus we have gotten no more close-up information about Uranus or its moons. Data from Hubble and Webb has helped increase our knowledge of the planet itself, but of the moons nothing really new has been gleaned from this distance.

Uranus' five biggest moons

And so, to highlight how little we know, for the rest of this week I am going give my readers a tour of the few images Voyager-2 gave us of Uranus’ five biggest moons, the five that early astronomers had discovered prior to the space age and shown in the five pictures above, taken by Voyager-2 as it was approaching Uranus from a distance of about three million miles. They are, in order going from closest to farthest from Uranus, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon, with the images above designed to show their approximate relative sizes.

I already highlighted the strange, patchwork surface of Miranda last week, the smallest of these moons. Below is a mosaic made from the four highest resolution images of 720-mile-wide Ariel, the next out from Uranus, taken from a distance of about 80,000 miles.
» Read more

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A new startup proposes a giant 88,000 satellite data center constellation

10:17 am

Starcloud-4 being deployed
A satellite of the company’s fourth generation Starcloud
constellation being deployed

A new startup dubbed Starcloud has now filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to launch its own giant 88,000 satellite data center constellation.

The FCC accepted for filing March 13 an application by Starcloud, a company based in Redmond, Washington, to operate as many as 88,000 satellites in a range of low Earth orbits to serve as orbital data centers for artificial intelligence and other applications.

“Starcloud is designing its satellite system to accommodate the explosive growth of datacenter demands driven by AI, which is already encountering severe roadblocks to efforts to scale on the ground,” the company wrote in its filing. “By avoiding the constraints of terrestrial deployment, space datacenters will be the most cost-effective and scalable way to deliver compute this decade.”

The company, previously known as Lumen Orbit, has so far only launched one demonstration smallsat, testing the operation of a computer processor in orbit. It plans a second larger demo satellite to launch in ’27 testing a cluster of processors. Based on its own website, it plans to launch the full constellation in four stages, eventually using rockets comparable to Starship, launching many satellites at a time.

The reasoning behind these orbiting data center constellations is that in space there is no real estate to buy or environmental concerns to overcome. You can simply launch the satellites and beam the information to and from Earth. Though it still remains unknown whether this new orbiting data center business model will be profitable, it is definitely becoming a major customer for the new emerging American rocket industry. Even if it fails in the long run, it appears it will fuel the development of a lot of new rockets, all designed to be re-usable, with large capacities, and capable of launching at a fast cadence.

With such a commercial competitive fleet, the entire solar system will be open to the United States and the world.

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Astronomers discover a super-Earth-sized exoplanet covered by a molten ocean of lava

9:53 am

Using the Webb Space Telescope astronomers think they have identified a super-Earth-sized exoplanet, dubbed L98-59d and orbiting a red dwarf star about 35 light years away, that is covered by a very deep molten ocean of lava.

Their results reveal that the mantle of L98-59d is likely molten silicate (similar to lava on Earth), with a global magma ocean extending thousands of kilometres beneath. This vast molten reservoir allows the planet to store extremely large amounts of sulphur deep inside its interior, over geologic timescales. The magma ocean also helps L98-59d to retain a thick hydrogen-rich atmosphere containing sulphur-bearing gases such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Normally, this would be lost to space over time, due to X-ray radiation produced by the host star.

You can read the peer-reviewed paper here [pdf]. This planet is part of a three-planet solar system, all of which transit the face of the star, allowing for excellent observations of their make-up. L98-59d is the outermost of the three.

This is the first molten exoplanet yet detected, though it is likely not the last. As new better telescopes come on-line both on Earth and especially in space, the ability to make more detailed observations of the thousands of exoplanets so far identified is certain to reveal many more strange objects, some of which will be probably far stranger than we can yet imagine.

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New telescope array in Chile is financed entirely by private funds

9:29 am

One of Mothra's 30 mounts
One of Mothra’s 30 mounts. Click for original.

Capitalism in space: A new ground-based telescope array in Chile, dubbed Mothra, is being built using only private financing, and is being designed to map the faint hydrogen hidden between the galaxies and thus produce a more precise map of the universe.

MOTHRA is being built at Obstech / El Sauce Observatory in Chile. The telescope’s construction started in the spring of 2025 and it is expected to become fully operational by the end of 2026. By fusing its many images together digitally, the array of [30 mounts totaling] 1,140 telephoto lenses will be the equivalent of a single 4.7-meter diameter lens. It will be the world’s largest all-lens telescope, with capabilities that are unmatched by any other telescope on Earth or in space.

The funding comes mostly from a donation by British billionaire Alex Gerko, who has apparently donated millions to numerous similar research projects.

This is the right future for science research, and was the way things were done in the U.S. until World War II. Stop depending on the government, which often has political concerns that warp research and always does things inefficiently. Get the private sector, especially rich individuals, to back projects, because they will require the work to be done well, and will care personally about its success.

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