The strange craters in the high northern latitudes of Mars
Click for original image.
Cool image time! The picture to the right, rotated, cropped, reduced, and enhanced to post here, was taken on August 22, 2023 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). I have also inserted data from a July 28, 2008 context camera image into the blank strip that now exists in the center of high resolution camera images due to the failure of one sensor.
This photo is what the camera team calls a terrain sample, and was probably taken not as part of any specific request but to fill a gap in the camera’s schedule in order to maintain its proper temperature. When the camera team does this they try to find locations that either have not been observed in much detail previously or have interesting features. In this case the team accomplished both. The interesting features are the two pedestal craters, both surrounded by splash aprons. Neither has been observed in high resolution previously, and the context camera has only taken two pictures of this location in total.
The white dot on the overview map to the right marks the location. As you can see from the inset, craters with splash aprons are not unusual in this region, located in the high northern latitudes above 50 degrees. In fact, from this point north almost all the craters have these aprons, suggesting that every single one smashed into an ice sheet that melted upon impact, flowed like mud for a short time, then refroze.
The two craters above however are also pedastal craters, as they sit above the surrounding terrain. The generally accepted explanation for this circumstance is that the impact hardened the crater floor and made it more erosion-resistant. When the surrounding terrain either eroded or sublimated away, the crater was left high and dry.
The number of pedastal craters in this region — combined with evidence that there is a lot of extensive near-surface ice — suggest however the possibility that they are instead mud volcanoes, whereby some geological process causes the near-surface ice to melt and erupt upward, much like a lava volcano.
There is a third option however. What if these pedastal craters are a combination of both? An asteroid or comet hits the northern Martian ice sheets, creating a crater and the splash apron. The resulting crater then becomes a good location for the formation of a mud volcano that fills the crater and pushes it up above the surrounding terrain.
All guesses, but intriguing nonetheless.
Readers!
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In 2020 when the world panicked over COVID I wrote that the panic was unnecessary, that the virus was apparently simply a variation of the flu, that masks were not simply pointless but if worn incorrectly were a health threat, that the lockdowns were a disaster and did nothing to stop the spread of COVID. Only in the past year have some of our so-called experts in the health field have begun to recognize these facts.
Your help allows me to do this kind of intelligent analysis. I take no advertising or sponsors, so my reporting isn't influenced by donations by established space or drug companies. Instead, I rely entirely on donations and subscriptions from my readers, which gives me the freedom to write what I think, unencumbered by outside influences.
You can support me either by giving a one-time contribution or a regular subscription. There are four ways of doing so:
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Click for original image.
Cool image time! The picture to the right, rotated, cropped, reduced, and enhanced to post here, was taken on August 22, 2023 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). I have also inserted data from a July 28, 2008 context camera image into the blank strip that now exists in the center of high resolution camera images due to the failure of one sensor.
This photo is what the camera team calls a terrain sample, and was probably taken not as part of any specific request but to fill a gap in the camera’s schedule in order to maintain its proper temperature. When the camera team does this they try to find locations that either have not been observed in much detail previously or have interesting features. In this case the team accomplished both. The interesting features are the two pedestal craters, both surrounded by splash aprons. Neither has been observed in high resolution previously, and the context camera has only taken two pictures of this location in total.
The white dot on the overview map to the right marks the location. As you can see from the inset, craters with splash aprons are not unusual in this region, located in the high northern latitudes above 50 degrees. In fact, from this point north almost all the craters have these aprons, suggesting that every single one smashed into an ice sheet that melted upon impact, flowed like mud for a short time, then refroze.
The two craters above however are also pedastal craters, as they sit above the surrounding terrain. The generally accepted explanation for this circumstance is that the impact hardened the crater floor and made it more erosion-resistant. When the surrounding terrain either eroded or sublimated away, the crater was left high and dry.
The number of pedastal craters in this region — combined with evidence that there is a lot of extensive near-surface ice — suggest however the possibility that they are instead mud volcanoes, whereby some geological process causes the near-surface ice to melt and erupt upward, much like a lava volcano.
There is a third option however. What if these pedastal craters are a combination of both? An asteroid or comet hits the northern Martian ice sheets, creating a crater and the splash apron. The resulting crater then becomes a good location for the formation of a mud volcano that fills the crater and pushes it up above the surrounding terrain.
All guesses, but intriguing nonetheless.
Readers!
Please consider supporting my work here at Behind the Black. Your support allows me the freedom and ability to analyze objectively the ongoing renaissance in space, as well as the cultural changes -- for good or ill -- that are happening across America. Fourteen years ago I wrote that SLS and Orion were a bad ideas, a waste of money, would be years behind schedule, and better replaced by commercial private enterprise. Only now does it appear that Washington might finally recognize this reality.
In 2020 when the world panicked over COVID I wrote that the panic was unnecessary, that the virus was apparently simply a variation of the flu, that masks were not simply pointless but if worn incorrectly were a health threat, that the lockdowns were a disaster and did nothing to stop the spread of COVID. Only in the past year have some of our so-called experts in the health field have begun to recognize these facts.
Your help allows me to do this kind of intelligent analysis. I take no advertising or sponsors, so my reporting isn't influenced by donations by established space or drug companies. Instead, I rely entirely on donations and subscriptions from my readers, which gives me the freedom to write what I think, unencumbered by outside influences.
You can support me either by giving a one-time contribution or a regular subscription. There are four ways of doing so:
1. Zelle: This is the only internet method that charges no fees. All you have to do is use the Zelle link at your internet bank and give my name and email address (zimmerman at nasw dot org). What you donate is what I get.
2. Patreon: Go to my website there and pick one of five monthly subscription amounts, or by making a one-time donation.
3. A Paypal Donation or subscription:
4. Donate by check, payable to Robert Zimmerman and mailed to
Behind The Black
c/o Robert Zimmerman
P.O.Box 1262
Cortaro, AZ 85652
You can also support me by buying one of my books, as noted in the boxes interspersed throughout the webpage or shown in the menu above.
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