A Martian starburst spider
Click for full image.
Cool image time! The photo to the right, cropped to post here, illustrates an example of a wholly unique Martian phenomenon, that is not only unique to Mars but is also found only in its south polar regions. The image was taken on July 17, 2020 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).
What we are looking at is a permanent spider formation etched into the layered deposits of ice and dirt that cover the widest area surrounding Mars’ south pole. The blue dot just north of Chasma Australe on the overview map below shows the location of these starbursts, on those layered deposits.
Each winter the poles of Mars are blanketed with a thin mantle of dry ice, generally less than six feet thick. When spring arrives and sunlight hits this mantle, it heats the ice and sand on which the mantle lies, and that warmth causes the mantle’s base to sublimate back into gas. Eventually gas pressure causes the mantle to crack at its weak points so the gas can escape. By the time summer arrives that mantle is entirely gone, all of it returning to the atmosphere as CO2 gas.
This sublimation process differs between the north and south pole, due to the different terrain found at each. In the north the mantle mostly lies on ice or sand dunes, neither of which is stable over repeated years. Thus, the mantle weak points do not occur at the exact same place each year, even though they occur at the same type of locations, such as the base and crests of dunes.
In the south however the ground is more stable, so that each year the trapped gas at the base of the mantle travels upward along the same exact paths, repeatedly etching into that ground the meandering spider patterns we see in the image above.
Think of these lines as river tributaries, except that the flow here is gas and it is upward to the surface, not downward following gravity. Moreover, in the case of these starbursts, the flow is going uphill on all sides of a small peak, until the separate flows meet at the top, where they escape.
Essentially the starbursts are vaguely reflecting the surface topography of the layered ice/dust deposit on which they sit. At this spot there several high points, and surrounding each is a starburst.
I’ve said it before, but it bears repeating: Mars is strange. Mars is alien. Mars epitomizes the universe in all its glory.
Now available in hardback and paperback as well as ebook!
From the press release: In this ground-breaking new history of early America, historian Robert Zimmerman not only exposes the lie behind The New York Times 1619 Project that falsely claims slavery is central to the history of the United States, he also provides profound lessons about the nature of human societies, lessons important for Americans today as well as for all future settlers on Mars and elsewhere in space.
Conscious Choice: The origins of slavery in America and why it matters today and for our future in outer space, is a riveting page-turning story that documents how slavery slowly became pervasive in the southern British colonies of North America, colonies founded by a people and culture that not only did not allow slavery but in every way were hostile to the practice.
Conscious Choice does more however. In telling the tragic history of the Virginia colony and the rise of slavery there, Zimmerman lays out the proper path for creating healthy societies in places like the Moon and Mars.
“Zimmerman’s ground-breaking history provides every future generation the basic framework for establishing new societies on other worlds. We would be wise to heed what he says.” —Robert Zubrin, founder of founder of the Mars Society.
All editions are available at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and all book vendors, with the ebook priced at $5.99 before discount. The ebook can also be purchased direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit, in which case you don't support the big tech companies and I get a bigger cut much sooner.
Autographed printed copies are also available at discount directly from me (hardback $24.95; paperback $14.95; Shipping cost for either: $5.00). Just email me at zimmerman @ nasw dot org.
Click for full image.
Cool image time! The photo to the right, cropped to post here, illustrates an example of a wholly unique Martian phenomenon, that is not only unique to Mars but is also found only in its south polar regions. The image was taken on July 17, 2020 by the high resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).
What we are looking at is a permanent spider formation etched into the layered deposits of ice and dirt that cover the widest area surrounding Mars’ south pole. The blue dot just north of Chasma Australe on the overview map below shows the location of these starbursts, on those layered deposits.
Each winter the poles of Mars are blanketed with a thin mantle of dry ice, generally less than six feet thick. When spring arrives and sunlight hits this mantle, it heats the ice and sand on which the mantle lies, and that warmth causes the mantle’s base to sublimate back into gas. Eventually gas pressure causes the mantle to crack at its weak points so the gas can escape. By the time summer arrives that mantle is entirely gone, all of it returning to the atmosphere as CO2 gas.
This sublimation process differs between the north and south pole, due to the different terrain found at each. In the north the mantle mostly lies on ice or sand dunes, neither of which is stable over repeated years. Thus, the mantle weak points do not occur at the exact same place each year, even though they occur at the same type of locations, such as the base and crests of dunes.
In the south however the ground is more stable, so that each year the trapped gas at the base of the mantle travels upward along the same exact paths, repeatedly etching into that ground the meandering spider patterns we see in the image above.
Think of these lines as river tributaries, except that the flow here is gas and it is upward to the surface, not downward following gravity. Moreover, in the case of these starbursts, the flow is going uphill on all sides of a small peak, until the separate flows meet at the top, where they escape.
Essentially the starbursts are vaguely reflecting the surface topography of the layered ice/dust deposit on which they sit. At this spot there several high points, and surrounding each is a starburst.
I’ve said it before, but it bears repeating: Mars is strange. Mars is alien. Mars epitomizes the universe in all its glory.
Now available in hardback and paperback as well as ebook!
From the press release: In this ground-breaking new history of early America, historian Robert Zimmerman not only exposes the lie behind The New York Times 1619 Project that falsely claims slavery is central to the history of the United States, he also provides profound lessons about the nature of human societies, lessons important for Americans today as well as for all future settlers on Mars and elsewhere in space.
Conscious Choice: The origins of slavery in America and why it matters today and for our future in outer space, is a riveting page-turning story that documents how slavery slowly became pervasive in the southern British colonies of North America, colonies founded by a people and culture that not only did not allow slavery but in every way were hostile to the practice.
Conscious Choice does more however. In telling the tragic history of the Virginia colony and the rise of slavery there, Zimmerman lays out the proper path for creating healthy societies in places like the Moon and Mars.
“Zimmerman’s ground-breaking history provides every future generation the basic framework for establishing new societies on other worlds. We would be wise to heed what he says.” —Robert Zubrin, founder of founder of the Mars Society.
All editions are available at Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and all book vendors, with the ebook priced at $5.99 before discount. The ebook can also be purchased direct from my ebook publisher, ebookit, in which case you don't support the big tech companies and I get a bigger cut much sooner.
Autographed printed copies are also available at discount directly from me (hardback $24.95; paperback $14.95; Shipping cost for either: $5.00). Just email me at zimmerman @ nasw dot org.
Mars has “continental sized” dust storms yearly, and a global one on average about every 6 years. Doesn’t the movement of dust change the landscape as imaged from orbit, as permanent features are covered and uncovered?
LocalFluff: The answer is yes, but only to a somewhat limited extent. The atmosphere is just not thick enough and thus cannot blow hard enough to physically change much.
See these posts for some examples however:
You will notice that most of the changes are somewhat superficial. The winds didn’t change things much besides the appearance of the ground’s top surface.
I must add that we are talking about the short term seasonal changes. Over a very long time (thousands of years) the winds can erode a lot, just as they do on Earth. It just takes longer.
In the larger scale image of the Ice cap region, I presume the zone marked “layered ice/dust” is just water ice? Or is there dry ice mixed in there too?
Brad: Click on the link under the words “south pole.” I go into some detail about the south pole. The layered deposits are exactly what I wrote, layered deposits of ice and dust mixed together. It is part of the permanent cap, but unlike the north pole, it is not covered by the purer residual permanent icecap. In the south the residual permanent ice cap covers only a small portion.
Brad: I just realized I did not answer your question. There is no dry ice in the layered deposits. The only time we see dry ice at the poles is in the winter when the CO2 in the atmosphere falls as dry ice snow to create the seasonal mantle on top of the ice.
And the Red Planet Mars Red Dust Storms that would mean Winds could mars have Winds?
Angry Red Planet of spiders