A minor rill on the Moon
Click for full image.
Cool image time! The image above, reduced to post here, is a colorized digital terrain model produced from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) data. On top of the original mosaic of photos the LRO science team has overlaid the elevation data obtained by LRO’s laser altimeter. It shows a tadpole shaped pit dubbed Kathleen, with its tail trailing off to the southeast. As they note:
Kathleen is a pyroclastic vent with a sinuous rille (colloquially known as Rima Mozart [Not IAU confirmed]) that extends from the southeast end of the vent. Rilles are large channels formed by sustained channelized lava flows. This vent is a great location to investigate ancient volcanism on the Moon.
The elevation data reveals one interesting feature: The lowest part of the vent pit is not at its western end, where one would think at first glance, based on the general dip that produced the rill flowing to the east. That the lowest point is at the widest section of the pit instead suggests that this pit no longer looks as it did when it was venting. In the almost four billion years since it is thought all volcanic activity here ceased, there has been plenty of time for the slow erosion processes on the Moon, caused by radiation, micrometeorites, and the solar wind, to partly fill this pit and round out its cliff walls.
The two overview maps below provide some context.
This volcanic vent sits inside the large mare basin dubbed Mare Imbrium, or in English the Sea of Showers. The Apennine Mountains form the mare’s southeast margin, with Hadley Rille, the landing site of Apollo 15 tucked just inside the mare. The white box is the area shown in the closer overview below that focuses on the entire rill and nearby similar vents.
According to this paper, the origin of Kathleen and the surrounding vents is explained as follows:
Construction of Rima Mozart began with an explosive eruption at Kathleen Crater. A limited amount of pyroclastic debris was emplaced around this source vent. Lava erupted at Kathleen, carved a channel to the southeast, and spread out in the low-lying region now occupied by Lacus Mozart … Lava from this first eruption may have formed a tube along the channel. If so, almost all of this tube is now collapsed.
…Kathleen erupted at least one more time to form the second channel. … This eruption may have also had an explosive phase which contributed to the blanket of pyroclastic material surrounding the crater.
All of this occurred a long time ago. Since then nothing much has really happened except for those slow erosion processes, interrupted violently and abruptly by the impact of a larger asteroid at random times.
The support of my readers through the years has given me the freedom and ability to analyze objectively the ongoing renaissance in space, as well as the cultural changes -- for good or ill -- that are happening across America. Four years ago, just before the 2020 election I wrote that Joe Biden's mental health was suspect. Only in this year has the propaganda mainstream media decided to recognize that basic fact.
Fourteen years ago I wrote that SLS and Orion were a bad ideas, a waste of money, would be years behind schedule, and better replaced by commercial private enterprise. Even today NASA and Congress refuse to recognize this reality.
In 2020 when the world panicked over COVID I wrote that the panic was unnecessary, that the virus was apparently simply a variation of the flu, that masks were not simply pointless but if worn incorrectly were a health threat, that the lockdowns were a disaster and did nothing to stop the spread of COVID. Only in the past year have some of our so-called experts in the health field have begun to recognize these facts.
Your help allows me to do this kind of intelligent analysis. I take no advertising or sponsors, so my reporting isn't influenced by donations by established space or drug companies. Instead, I rely entirely on donations and subscriptions from my readers, which gives me the freedom to write what I think, unencumbered by outside influences.
Please consider supporting my work here at Behind the Black.
You can support me either by giving a one-time contribution or a regular subscription. There are five ways of doing so:
1. Zelle: This is the only internet method that charges no fees. All you have to do is use the Zelle link at your internet bank and give my name and email address (zimmerman at nasw dot org). What you donate is what I get.
2. Patreon: Go to my website there and pick one of five monthly subscription amounts, or by making a one-time donation.
3. A Paypal Donation:
5. Donate by check, payable to Robert Zimmerman and mailed to
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c/o Robert Zimmerman
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You can also support me by buying one of my books, as noted in the boxes interspersed throughout the webpage or shown in the menu above. And if you buy the books through the ebookit links, I get a larger cut and I get it sooner.
Click for full image.
Cool image time! The image above, reduced to post here, is a colorized digital terrain model produced from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) data. On top of the original mosaic of photos the LRO science team has overlaid the elevation data obtained by LRO’s laser altimeter. It shows a tadpole shaped pit dubbed Kathleen, with its tail trailing off to the southeast. As they note:
Kathleen is a pyroclastic vent with a sinuous rille (colloquially known as Rima Mozart [Not IAU confirmed]) that extends from the southeast end of the vent. Rilles are large channels formed by sustained channelized lava flows. This vent is a great location to investigate ancient volcanism on the Moon.
The elevation data reveals one interesting feature: The lowest part of the vent pit is not at its western end, where one would think at first glance, based on the general dip that produced the rill flowing to the east. That the lowest point is at the widest section of the pit instead suggests that this pit no longer looks as it did when it was venting. In the almost four billion years since it is thought all volcanic activity here ceased, there has been plenty of time for the slow erosion processes on the Moon, caused by radiation, micrometeorites, and the solar wind, to partly fill this pit and round out its cliff walls.
The two overview maps below provide some context.
This volcanic vent sits inside the large mare basin dubbed Mare Imbrium, or in English the Sea of Showers. The Apennine Mountains form the mare’s southeast margin, with Hadley Rille, the landing site of Apollo 15 tucked just inside the mare. The white box is the area shown in the closer overview below that focuses on the entire rill and nearby similar vents.
According to this paper, the origin of Kathleen and the surrounding vents is explained as follows:
Construction of Rima Mozart began with an explosive eruption at Kathleen Crater. A limited amount of pyroclastic debris was emplaced around this source vent. Lava erupted at Kathleen, carved a channel to the southeast, and spread out in the low-lying region now occupied by Lacus Mozart … Lava from this first eruption may have formed a tube along the channel. If so, almost all of this tube is now collapsed.
…Kathleen erupted at least one more time to form the second channel. … This eruption may have also had an explosive phase which contributed to the blanket of pyroclastic material surrounding the crater.
All of this occurred a long time ago. Since then nothing much has really happened except for those slow erosion processes, interrupted violently and abruptly by the impact of a larger asteroid at random times.
The support of my readers through the years has given me the freedom and ability to analyze objectively the ongoing renaissance in space, as well as the cultural changes -- for good or ill -- that are happening across America. Four years ago, just before the 2020 election I wrote that Joe Biden's mental health was suspect. Only in this year has the propaganda mainstream media decided to recognize that basic fact.
Fourteen years ago I wrote that SLS and Orion were a bad ideas, a waste of money, would be years behind schedule, and better replaced by commercial private enterprise. Even today NASA and Congress refuse to recognize this reality.
In 2020 when the world panicked over COVID I wrote that the panic was unnecessary, that the virus was apparently simply a variation of the flu, that masks were not simply pointless but if worn incorrectly were a health threat, that the lockdowns were a disaster and did nothing to stop the spread of COVID. Only in the past year have some of our so-called experts in the health field have begun to recognize these facts.
Your help allows me to do this kind of intelligent analysis. I take no advertising or sponsors, so my reporting isn't influenced by donations by established space or drug companies. Instead, I rely entirely on donations and subscriptions from my readers, which gives me the freedom to write what I think, unencumbered by outside influences.
Please consider supporting my work here at Behind the Black.
You can support me either by giving a one-time contribution or a regular subscription. There are five ways of doing so:
1. Zelle: This is the only internet method that charges no fees. All you have to do is use the Zelle link at your internet bank and give my name and email address (zimmerman at nasw dot org). What you donate is what I get.
2. Patreon: Go to my website there and pick one of five monthly subscription amounts, or by making a one-time donation.
3. A Paypal Donation:
5. Donate by check, payable to Robert Zimmerman and mailed to
Behind The Black
c/o Robert Zimmerman
P.O.Box 1262
Cortaro, AZ 85652
You can also support me by buying one of my books, as noted in the boxes interspersed throughout the webpage or shown in the menu above. And if you buy the books through the ebookit links, I get a larger cut and I get it sooner.
Somewhere I’ve missed something in all my reading. I didn’t think the moon had a molten core? How do these form if so? I thought, supposedly, it’s just a dead rock. Although the “ringing” sound the astronauts mentioned is a little mystifying.
Ruth: The Moon’s core is today believed to be solid. At one time however (4 billion years ago) the surface was being heavily reshaped by volcanic activity, linked to internal matters as well as the heavy bombardment from objects within the solar system. Mare Imbrium is believed to have been caused by a big impact, and was then flooded with impact melt.
What is the temperature at the center of the moon at present thought to be?